Abstract：
BACKGROUND: This study prospectively investigated the pain response and physiological parameters [heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2)] during sequential casting in bilateral clubfoot. Additionally, it explored the role of non-nutritive sucking and human care contact on the observed responses during casting.
METHODS: Subjects were allotted to control group (Group A with no intervention) and two intervention groups (Group B: non-nutritive sucking intervention, Group C: human care contact intervention). Neonatal Infant Pain Score (NIPS), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were used to assess the response.
RESULTS: The three groups matched in age and gender characteristics of the participants. Pain response was noted across all groups. The left foot demonstrated a statistically significant preexisting tachycardia which rose further during casting (p < 0.01). Intergroup comparisons revealed that the alteration for NIPS during casting was in following sequence (Group A > C > B, p < 0.00001). The effect of interventions offered in Group B and C lasted in the post-cast period as well (B > C).
CONCLUSIONS: The clubfoot child exhibited moderate pain response during casting of both feet. A tachycardia was noted prior to initiation of second cast which further exaggerated with subsequent cast. Pacifier (non-nutritive sucking) intervention produced better control of pain response than human care contact during casting for both feet.
METHODS: Subjects were allotted to control group (Group A with no intervention) and two intervention groups (Group B: non-nutritive sucking intervention, Group C: human care contact intervention). Neonatal Infant Pain Score (NIPS), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were used to assess the response.
RESULTS: The three groups matched in age and gender characteristics of the participants. Pain response was noted across all groups. The left foot demonstrated a statistically significant preexisting tachycardia which rose further during casting (p < 0.01). Intergroup comparisons revealed that the alteration for NIPS during casting was in following sequence (Group A > C > B, p < 0.00001). The effect of interventions offered in Group B and C lasted in the post-cast period as well (B > C).
CONCLUSIONS: The clubfoot child exhibited moderate pain response during casting of both feet. A tachycardia was noted prior to initiation of second cast which further exaggerated with subsequent cast. Pacifier (non-nutritive sucking) intervention produced better control of pain response than human care contact during casting for both feet.
摘要：
背景：这项研究前瞻性调查了双侧马蹄内翻足顺序铸造过程中的疼痛反应和生理参数[心率（HR）和氧饱和度（SpO2）]。此外,它探讨了非营养性吸吮和人类护理接触在铸造过程中观察到的反应中的作用。
方法：将受试者分为对照组（A组，无干预）和两个干预组（B组：非营养性吸吮干预，C组：人体护理接触干预）。新生儿疼痛评分（NIPS），心率(HR),和氧饱和度（SpO2）用于评估反应。
结果：三组参与者的年龄和性别特征相匹配。注意到所有组的疼痛反应。左脚表现出统计学上显著的预先存在的心动过速,其在铸造期间进一步上升(p<0.01)。组间比较显示，铸造过程中NIPS的变化顺序如下（A组>C>B组，p<0.00001)。B组和C组提供的干预措施的效果也持续到后期（B>C）。
结论：马蹄内翻足患儿在双足铸造过程中表现出中度疼痛反应。在开始第二次铸造之前注意到心动过速，随后的铸造进一步夸大了。在双脚铸造过程中，安抚奶嘴（非营养性吸吮）干预比人类护理接触能更好地控制疼痛反应。
方法：将受试者分为对照组（A组，无干预）和两个干预组（B组：非营养性吸吮干预，C组：人体护理接触干预）。新生儿疼痛评分（NIPS），心率(HR),和氧饱和度（SpO2）用于评估反应。
结果：三组参与者的年龄和性别特征相匹配。注意到所有组的疼痛反应。左脚表现出统计学上显著的预先存在的心动过速,其在铸造期间进一步上升(p<0.01)。组间比较显示，铸造过程中NIPS的变化顺序如下（A组>C>B组，p<0.00001)。B组和C组提供的干预措施的效果也持续到后期（B>C）。
结论：马蹄内翻足患儿在双足铸造过程中表现出中度疼痛反应。在开始第二次铸造之前注意到心动过速，随后的铸造进一步夸大了。在双脚铸造过程中，安抚奶嘴（非营养性吸吮）干预比人类护理接触能更好地控制疼痛反应。
