Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Penile injection of foreign materials is an obsolete practice often performed by non-medical personnel in order to enlarge penile size.
METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 1956 to 2022 was conducted in accordance with the general guidelines recommended by the Primary Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. We included full papers published from 1956 to 2022. We also described a case report of a 23 year old Bulgarian male affected by penile paraffinoma who underwent a 2-stages surgical technique.
RESULTS: A total of 152 cases have been reported, with a median age of 37.9 ranging from 18 to 64 years. Six different techniques have been described in the whole literature: bilateral scrotal flap, simple excision of the paraffinoma with primary closure, two-stage scrotum skin flap, medial prepuce-soprapubic advancement flap technique and penile reconstruction using split thickness skin graft (STSG) or full thickness skin graft (FTSG). An analysis of the distribution among early and late complications was then carried out.
CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, among the variety of surgical techniques described, a two-stage penile reconstruction using scrotal skin results in excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes, with a low rate of complications.
METHODS: A systematic review of the literature from 1956 to 2022 was conducted in accordance with the general guidelines recommended by the Primary Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. We included full papers published from 1956 to 2022. We also described a case report of a 23 year old Bulgarian male affected by penile paraffinoma who underwent a 2-stages surgical technique.
RESULTS: A total of 152 cases have been reported, with a median age of 37.9 ranging from 18 to 64 years. Six different techniques have been described in the whole literature: bilateral scrotal flap, simple excision of the paraffinoma with primary closure, two-stage scrotum skin flap, medial prepuce-soprapubic advancement flap technique and penile reconstruction using split thickness skin graft (STSG) or full thickness skin graft (FTSG). An analysis of the distribution among early and late complications was then carried out.
CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, among the variety of surgical techniques described, a two-stage penile reconstruction using scrotal skin results in excellent cosmetic and functional outcomes, with a low rate of complications.
摘要：
背景：阴茎注射异物是一种过时的做法，通常由非医务人员进行，以扩大阴茎的大小。
方法：根据系统评价和荟萃分析（PRISMA）主要报告项目推荐的一般指南，对1956年至2022年的文献进行了系统评价。我们包括1956年至2022年发表的全文。我们还描述了一例23岁的保加利亚男性患有阴茎石蜡瘤的病例报告，该男性接受了2期手术技术。
结果：共报告152例，年龄中位数为37.9岁，范围为18至64岁。在整个文献中描述了六种不同的技术：双侧阴囊皮瓣，石蜡瘤的简单切除与原发性闭合，两级阴囊皮瓣,包皮内侧-耻骨前移皮瓣技术和使用分裂厚度皮肤移植物（STSG）或全厚度皮肤移植物（FTSG）的阴茎重建。然后对早期和晚期并发症的分布进行了分析。
结论：根据我们的经验，在描述的各种手术技术中，使用阴囊皮肤进行两阶段阴茎重建可获得出色的美容和功能效果，并发症发生率低。
方法：根据系统评价和荟萃分析（PRISMA）主要报告项目推荐的一般指南，对1956年至2022年的文献进行了系统评价。我们包括1956年至2022年发表的全文。我们还描述了一例23岁的保加利亚男性患有阴茎石蜡瘤的病例报告，该男性接受了2期手术技术。
结果：共报告152例，年龄中位数为37.9岁，范围为18至64岁。在整个文献中描述了六种不同的技术：双侧阴囊皮瓣，石蜡瘤的简单切除与原发性闭合，两级阴囊皮瓣,包皮内侧-耻骨前移皮瓣技术和使用分裂厚度皮肤移植物（STSG）或全厚度皮肤移植物（FTSG）的阴茎重建。然后对早期和晚期并发症的分布进行了分析。
结论：根据我们的经验，在描述的各种手术技术中，使用阴囊皮肤进行两阶段阴茎重建可获得出色的美容和功能效果，并发症发生率低。
