PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Helminth infections are ubiquitous in grazing ruminants and cause significant costs due to production losses. Moreover, anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasites is now widespread throughout Europe and poses a major threat to the sustainability of modern ruminant livestock farming. Epidemiological data on the prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal nematodes, cestodes and liver- and rumen-flukes in Italian small ruminants are outdated and fragmentary. However, anthelmintics are commonly used to control these infections and often without prior diagnosis. Compared to other European countries, few reports of AR in small ruminants against levamisole, ivermectin and benzimidazoles have been published in Italy, but recent studies suggest that this phenomenon is spreading. Increased and integrated research efforts in developing innovative approaches to control helminth infections and AR are needed and must be tailored to the peculiarities of each context in order to be effectively implemented. This manuscript provides an overview on helminth prevalence and distribution, sustainable treatment strategies and integrated control approaches in small ruminants in Italy. The implementation of targeted treatments and targeted selective treatments is discussed based on different parameters, such as fecal egg count, degree of anaemia (FAMACHA© method), milk production and body condition score. In addition, several Italian studies have also investigated the implementation of alternative strategies such as the use of different natural bioactive compounds or genetic selection for resistance and resilience to helminth infections. These concrete solutions for helminth management in small ruminant farms in the country are reported and discussed, representing a valid example for other Mediterranean countries.
摘要：
蠕虫感染在放牧反刍动物中普遍存在，并且由于生产损失而导致大量成本。此外，寄生虫的抗蠕虫性（AR）现在在整个欧洲都很普遍，对现代反刍动物畜牧业的可持续性构成了重大威胁。关于胃肠道线虫流行和分布的流行病学数据，意大利小反刍动物的cestodes和肝脏和瘤胃吸虫是过时和零碎的。然而,驱虫药通常用于控制这些感染，并且通常没有事先诊断。与其他欧洲国家相比，很少有关于小反刍动物对抗左旋咪唑的AR的报道，伊维菌素和苯并咪唑已经在意大利出版，但是最近的研究表明这种现象正在蔓延。需要在开发控制蠕虫感染和AR的创新方法方面增加和综合的研究努力，并且必须针对每种情况的特殊性进行调整，以便有效实施。这份手稿概述了蠕虫的流行和分布，意大利小反刍动物的可持续治疗策略和综合控制方法。根据不同的参数讨论了靶向治疗和靶向选择性治疗的实施，比如粪便卵数，贫血程度（FAMACHA©方法），产奶量和身体状况评分。此外,意大利的几项研究还调查了替代策略的实施情况,例如使用不同的天然生物活性化合物或遗传选择以抵抗和抵御蠕虫感染.报告并讨论了这些针对该国小型反刍动物养殖场蠕虫管理的具体解决方案，代表了其他地中海国家的有效例子。
