Abstract：
Technical and non-technical skills are traditionally investigated separately in simulation-based surgical training (SBST). Recent literature has indicated an interrelation of these skills, but a clear relationship is yet to be established. This scoping review aimed to identify published literature on the use of both technical and non-technical learning objectives in SBST and investigate how the entities are related. Additionally, this scoping study reviewed the literature with the aim of mapping how publications on technical and non-technical skills within SBST have changed over time.
We conducted a scoping review using the 5 step framework by Arksey and O\'Malley and reported our results according to the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Four databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library, were systematically searched for empirical studies on SBST. Studies within surgical training addressing both technical and non-technical learning objectives and presenting primary data were included for further analysis.
Our scoping review identified 3144 articles on SBST published between 1981 and 2021. During our analysis, an emphasis on technical skills training in published literature was identified. However, recent years have seen an immense increase of publications within either technical or non-technical skills. A similar trend is seen in publications addressing both technical and non-technical. In total, 106 publications addressed both technical and non-technical learning objectives and were included for further analysis. Only 45 of the included articles addressed the relationship between technical and non-technical skills. These articles mainly focused on the effect of non-technical skills on technical skills.
Though literature on the relationship between technical and non-technical skills remains scarce, the included studies on technical skills and non-technical skills such as mental training suggest such a relationship exists. This implies that the separation of the skill sets is not necessarily beneficial for the outcome of SBST. A shift towards seeing technical and non-technical skills as intertwined may enhance learning outcomes from SBST.
We conducted a scoping review using the 5 step framework by Arksey and O\'Malley and reported our results according to the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Four databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library, were systematically searched for empirical studies on SBST. Studies within surgical training addressing both technical and non-technical learning objectives and presenting primary data were included for further analysis.
Our scoping review identified 3144 articles on SBST published between 1981 and 2021. During our analysis, an emphasis on technical skills training in published literature was identified. However, recent years have seen an immense increase of publications within either technical or non-technical skills. A similar trend is seen in publications addressing both technical and non-technical. In total, 106 publications addressed both technical and non-technical learning objectives and were included for further analysis. Only 45 of the included articles addressed the relationship between technical and non-technical skills. These articles mainly focused on the effect of non-technical skills on technical skills.
Though literature on the relationship between technical and non-technical skills remains scarce, the included studies on technical skills and non-technical skills such as mental training suggest such a relationship exists. This implies that the separation of the skill sets is not necessarily beneficial for the outcome of SBST. A shift towards seeing technical and non-technical skills as intertwined may enhance learning outcomes from SBST.
摘要：
目的：传统上在基于模拟的外科培训（SBST）中分别研究技术和非技术技能。最近的文献表明了这些技能之间的相互关系，但是明确的关系尚未建立。此范围审查旨在确定有关SBST中技术和非技术学习目标使用的已发表文献，并调查这些实体是如何相关的。此外,这项范围界定研究回顾了文献，目的是绘制SBST中技术和非技术技能的出版物如何随着时间的推移而变化。
方法：我们使用Arksey和O'Malley的5步框架进行了范围审查，并根据PRISMA范围审查指南报告了我们的结果。四个数据库,PubMed,WebofScience,Embase和Cochrane图书馆，系统地搜索了SBST的实证研究。包括外科培训中涉及技术和非技术学习目标并提供主要数据的研究，以供进一步分析。
结果：我们的范围审查确定了1981年至2021年之间发表的关于SBST的3144篇文章。在我们的分析中,在已发表的文献中强调技术技能培训。然而,近年来，无论是技术技能还是非技术技能，出版物都有了巨大的增长。在涉及技术和非技术的出版物中也看到了类似的趋势。总的来说,106份出版物涉及技术和非技术学习目标，并被列入供进一步分析。其中只有45条涉及技术技能和非技术技能之间的关系。这些文章主要关注非技术技能对技术技能的影响。
结论：尽管关于技术技能和非技术技能之间关系的文献仍然很少，纳入的关于技术技能和非技术技能(如心理训练)的研究表明存在这种关系。这意味着技能集的分离不一定有利于SBST的结果。将技术和非技术技能视为交织在一起的转变可能会增强SBST的学习成果。
方法：我们使用Arksey和O'Malley的5步框架进行了范围审查，并根据PRISMA范围审查指南报告了我们的结果。四个数据库,PubMed,WebofScience,Embase和Cochrane图书馆，系统地搜索了SBST的实证研究。包括外科培训中涉及技术和非技术学习目标并提供主要数据的研究，以供进一步分析。
结果：我们的范围审查确定了1981年至2021年之间发表的关于SBST的3144篇文章。在我们的分析中,在已发表的文献中强调技术技能培训。然而,近年来，无论是技术技能还是非技术技能，出版物都有了巨大的增长。在涉及技术和非技术的出版物中也看到了类似的趋势。总的来说,106份出版物涉及技术和非技术学习目标，并被列入供进一步分析。其中只有45条涉及技术技能和非技术技能之间的关系。这些文章主要关注非技术技能对技术技能的影响。
结论：尽管关于技术技能和非技术技能之间关系的文献仍然很少，纳入的关于技术技能和非技术技能(如心理训练)的研究表明存在这种关系。这意味着技能集的分离不一定有利于SBST的结果。将技术和非技术技能视为交织在一起的转变可能会增强SBST的学习成果。
