Abstract：
The consumption of plant-based proteins sourced from pulses is sustainable from the perspective of agriculture, environment, food security, and nutrition. Increased incorporation of high-quality pulse ingredients into foods such as pasta and baked goods is poised to produce refined food products to satisfy consumer demand. However, a better understanding of pulse milling processes is required to optimize the blending of pulse flours with wheat flour and other traditional ingredients. A thorough review of the state-of-the-art on pulse flour quality characterization reveals that research is required to elucidate the relationships between the micro- and nanoscale structures of these flours and their milling-dependent properties, such as hydration, starch and protein quality, components separation, and particle size distribution. With advances in synchrotron-enabled material characterization techniques, there exist a few options that have the potential to fill knowledge gaps. To this end, we conducted a comprehensive review of four high-resolution nondestructive techniques (i.e., scanning electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray microtomography, synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectromicroscopy) and a comparison of their suitability for characterizing pulse flours. Our detailed synthesis of the literature concludes that a multimodal approach to fully characterize pulse flours will be vital to predicting their end-use suitability. A holistic characterization will help optimize and standardize the milling methods, pretreatments, and post-processing of pulse flours. Millers/processors will benefit by having a range of well-understood pulse flour fractions to incorporate into food formulations.
摘要：
从农业的角度来看，从豆类的植物蛋白质的消费是可持续的，环境,粮食安全,和营养。在面食和烘焙食品等食品中加入更多的优质豆类成分，可以生产出精制食品，以满足消费者的需求。然而,需要更好地了解脉冲研磨工艺，以优化脉冲粉与小麦粉和其他传统成分的混合。对最先进的脉冲面粉质量表征的全面审查表明，需要进行研究以阐明这些面粉的微米级和纳米级结构与其研磨相关特性之间的关系，比如水合，淀粉和蛋白质质量，组件分离,和粒度分布。随着同步加速器材料表征技术的进步，有一些选择有可能填补知识空白。为此,我们对四种高分辨率无损技术(即，扫描电子显微镜，同步加速器X射线显微断层成像,同步加速器小角度X射线散射,和傅立叶变换红外光谱仪），并比较了它们对表征脉冲粉的适用性。我们对文献的详细综合得出结论，完全表征脉冲粉的多峰方法对于预测其最终用途适用性至关重要。整体表征将有助于优化和标准化铣削方法，预处理,和脉冲粉的后处理。磨粉机/加工者将受益于将一系列熟知的脉冲面粉级分掺入食品配方中。
