Abstract：
The use of traditional faecal indicator bacteria as surrogate organisms for pathogenic viruses in domestic wastewater has been noted as a problematic as concentrations and removal rates of bacteria and viruses do not seem to correlate. In this sense, bacteriophages (phages) emerge as potential viral indicators, as they are commonly found in wastewater in high levels, and can be quantified using simple, fast, low-cost methods. Somatic and F-specific coliphages comprise groups of phages commonly used as indicators of water quality. There are two internationally recognised methods to detect and enumerate coliphages in water samples, the International Standardization Organization (ISO) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methods. Both methods are based on the lysis of specific bacterial host strains infected by phages. Within this context, this systematic literature review aimed at gathering concentrations in raw and treated domestic wastewater (secondary, biological treatment systems and post-treatment systems), and removal efficiencies of somatic and F-specific coliphages obtained by ISO and USEPA methods, and then compare both methods. A total of 33 research papers were considered in this study. Results showed that the ISO method is more commonly applied than the USEPA method. Some discrepancies in terms of concentrations and removal efficiencies were observed between both methods. Higher removal rates were observed for both somatic and F-specific coliphages in activated sludge systems when using the USEPA method compared to the ISO method; in other secondary (biological) treatment systems, this was observed only for F-specific coliphages. The use of different standardised methods available might lead to difficulties in obtaining and comparing phage data in different conditions and locations. Future research comparing both ISO and USEPA methods as well as viral and bacterial pathogens and indicators in WWTP is recommended.
摘要：
使用传统的粪便指示细菌作为生活废水中病原病毒的替代生物已经被注意到是有问题的,因为细菌和病毒的浓度和去除率似乎不相关。在这个意义上,噬菌体（噬菌体）成为潜在的病毒指标，因为它们通常在高浓度的废水中发现，并且可以使用简单的量化，快,低成本的方法。体细胞和F特异性大肠杆菌包括通常用作水质指标的噬菌体组。有两种国际公认的方法来检测和列举水样中的大肠杆菌，国际标准化组织(ISO)和美国环境保护署(USEPA)的方法。两种方法都基于被噬菌体感染的特定细菌宿主菌株的裂解。在此背景下,这篇系统的文献综述旨在收集未经处理和处理过的生活污水中的浓度(二级，生物处理系统和后处理系统)，以及通过ISO和USEPA方法获得的体细胞和F特异性大肠杆菌的去除效率，然后比较这两种方法。本研究共考虑了33篇研究论文。结果表明，ISO方法比USEPA方法更常用。在两种方法之间观察到浓度和去除效率方面的一些差异。与ISO方法相比，使用USEPA方法时，活性污泥系统中的体细胞和F特异性大肠杆菌的去除率更高；在其他二级（生物）处理系统中，这仅在F特异性大肠杆菌噬菌体中观察到.使用不同的标准化方法可能会导致在不同条件和位置获得和比较噬菌体数据的困难。建议在WWTP中比较ISO和USEPA方法以及病毒和细菌病原体和指标的未来研究。
