Abstract：
The cocktails of antibiotics are utilized to study the functions of microbiota. There have been studies on the alteration of not only the microbiota composition but also the host\'s metabolism or immunity. However, the bacterial species associated with these altered physiologic markers are still unclear. Therefore, we supplied mice with drinking water containing ampicillin (AMP), vancomycin (VAN), neomycin (NEO), or metronidazole (MET) to observe the effect of each antibiotic on helper T cells and inflammation-related gene expression and metabolism, including amino acid metabolism and changes in gut microbiota. We observed major changes in gut microbiota in mice treated with AMP and VAN, respectively, immediately after administration. The abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia increased in the AMP and VAN groups, while Prevotella almost disappeared from both groups. The compositional changes in intestinal metabolites in the AMP and VAN groups were more distinct than those in the NEO and MET groups, which was similar to the microbiome results. In particular, the most distinct changes were observed in amino acid related metabolism in AMP and VAN groups; the amounts of phenylalanine and tyrosine were increased in the AMP group while those were decreased in the VAN group. The changed amounts of intestinal amino acids in each of the AMP and VAN groups were correlated with increases in the abundance of the genera Parabacteroides and Akkermansia in the AMP and VAN groups, respectively. The most distinctive changes in intestinal gene expression were observed in the ileum, especially the expression Th17-related genes such as rorgt, il17a, and il17f, which decreased dramatically in the guts of most of the antibiotic-treated groups. These changes were also associated with a significant decrease in Prevotella in both the AMP and VAN groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that changes in gut microbiota as well as host physiology, including host metabolism and immunity, differ depending on the types of antibiotics, and the antibiotic-induced gut microbiota alteration has a correlation with host physiology such as host metabolic or immunological status. Thus, the immune and metabolic status of the host should be taken into account when administering antibiotics.
摘要：
抗生素的混合物用于研究微生物群的功能。已经有研究不仅改变微生物组成，而且改变宿主的代谢或免疫。然而,与这些改变的生理标志物相关的细菌种类尚不清楚.因此,我们为小鼠提供含有氨苄青霉素（AMP）的饮用水，万古霉素(VAN),新霉素（NEO），或甲硝唑（MET）观察每种抗生素对辅助性T细胞和炎症相关基因表达和代谢的影响，包括氨基酸代谢和肠道微生物群的变化。我们观察到用AMP和VAN处理的小鼠肠道微生物群的主要变化，分别,给药后立即。在AMP和VAN组中，副杆菌属和Akkermansia的丰度增加，而普雷沃氏菌几乎从两组中消失了。AMP和VAN组肠代谢产物的组成变化比NEO和MET组更为明显,这与微生物组的结果相似。特别是,在AMP和VAN组中观察到最明显的氨基酸相关代谢变化;苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸的量在AMP组中增加，而在VAN组中减少。每个AMP和VAN组中肠道氨基酸的变化量与AMP和VAN组中副杆菌属和Akkermansia的丰度增加相关，分别。在回肠中观察到肠道基因表达的最明显的变化，特别是表达Th17相关基因，如rorgt，il17a,和il17f，大多数抗生素治疗组的肠道急剧下降。这些变化也与AMP和VAN组中Prevotella的显着减少有关。一起来看,这些发现表明肠道微生物群和宿主生理学的变化，包括宿主的新陈代谢和免疫,根据抗生素的类型不同，抗生素诱导的肠道微生物群改变与宿主生理如宿主代谢或免疫状态相关。因此，使用抗生素时应考虑宿主的免疫和代谢状态.
