Abstract：
Objective: To report the clinical features and genetic variations of monogenic lupus caused by DNASE1L3 deficiency and to introduce preliminary experience on diagnosis and treatment for this disease. Methods: Clinical data of 3 children from the same pedigree were collected who were diagnosed with DNASE1L3 defect-associated monogenic lupus in August 2020 by Department of Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital referred from Department of Pediatrics, Boai Hospital of Zhongshan. DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of the patients and their parients to perform genetic analysis and confirmation. Six interferon-stimulated genes were relatively quantified to examine the activation of the type I interferon signaling. \"DNASE1L3\" \"systemic lupus erythematosus\" and \"SLE\" were searched in PubMed, Wangfang Data, CNKI databases for related reports from database established date to June 2022. Spectrum of genetic variations and clinical phenotypes were analyzed in combination with this pedigree. Results: Case 1, a 14-year-old girl with edema, hematuria, and heavy proteinuria, presented with membranous nephropathy. Case 2, the 12-year-old younger brother of case 1 with hematologic, cardiac, pulmonary, renal involvement, positive antinuclear antibody, positive anti-double-stranded DNA antibody and low complement C3, manifested with systemic lupus erythematosus. Case 3, the 8-year-old younger sister of case 1 with hematologic, cardiac, pulmonary and renal involvement, positive antinuclear antibody, positive anti-double-stranded DNA antibody, and low complement C3 and C4, manifested with systemic lupus erythematosus. Genetic testing revealed that all 3 patients carried homozygous deletions in exons 3 and 4 on DNASE1L3 gene. Interferon scores were elevated in case 1, 2 and their parents but normal in case 3. All 3 patients were diagnosed with monogenic lupus caused by DNASE1L3 defects. Literature searching identified 10 relevant publications in English and 0 publication in Chinese, involving 42 patients from 18 pedigrees (including the 3 cases from this pedigree). Nine variants were found: c.289_290delAC (p.T97Ifs*2), c.643delT (p.W215Gfs*2), c.320+4delAGTA, c.321-1G>A, Ex5 del, c.433G>A, c.581G>A (p.C194Y), c.537G>A (p.W179X), and Ex3-4 del. The hotspot variants were c.643delT (43% (36/84)) and c.289_290delAC (36% (30/84)). Kidney was affected in 31 cases (74%) of the 42 cases. Among the 25 patients, joints were affected in 16 cases (64%), fever were reported in 13 cases (52%) hematologic system was involved 13 cases (52%), rash was present in 10 cases (40%), intestinal tract was involved in 8 cases (32%), lungs were involved in 6 cases (24%), eyes were involved in 4 cases (16%), and the heart was involved in 4 cases (16%). The 2 cardiopulmonary affected patients from literature showed poor prognosis, with 1 died, and 1 right heart failure. Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of monogenic lupus caused by DNASE1L3 defect are highly heterogenous, primarily with renal, blood, joint, intestinal, and cardiopulmonary involvement. There is no correlation between the genotype and the phenotype. DNASE1L3 defects were predominantly mediated by null varations including nonsense, splicing, frameshift and exon deletions. The hotspot variants are c.643delT and c.289_290delAC. DNASE1L3 defects should be cautioned in early-onset lupus-like patients with renal, joint and hematologic involvement. Cardiopulmonary involved patients require close monitoring for poor prognosis. Copy number variations should be carefully analyzed after negative whole exome sequencing.
目的： 探讨DNASE1L3基因缺陷导致的单基因狼疮的临床特征及基因变异特点，并提供初步的诊治经验。 方法： 收集经中山市博爱医院儿科转诊至北京协和医院儿科2020年8月确诊的DNASE1L3基因缺陷相关单基因狼疮一家系3例患儿的临床资料，提取患儿及父母的外周血DNA进行遗传学分析及验证，并检测干扰素刺激基因相对表达量检测其Ⅰ型干扰素通路激活情况。分别以“DNASE1L3”“系统性红斑狼疮”“SLE”为关键词查阅PubMed数据库、万方数据库、中国知网数据库自建库至2022年6月相关文献，并结合本家系进行基因变异谱及临床资料分析总结。 结果： 例1，女，14岁，水肿、血尿、大量蛋白尿，表现为膜性肾病。例2，男，12岁，例1之弟，血液、心脏、肺、肾脏受累，抗核抗体、抗双链DNA抗体阳性，低补体C3，表现为系统性红斑狼疮。例3，女，8岁，例1之妹，血液、心脏、肺、肾脏受累，抗核抗体、抗双链DNA抗体阳性，低补体C3、C4，表现为系统性红斑狼疮。基因检测发现3例患儿均为DNASE1L3基因外显子3及4纯合缺失导致；干扰素评分例1、2及父母均升高，例3正常。3例患儿均确诊为DNASE1L3基因缺陷导致单基因狼疮。检索符合条件的英文文献10篇，中文文献0篇，包括本家系3例共42例（18个家系）患者，共发现9个变异位点：c.289_290delAC（p.T97Ifs*2）、c.643delT（p.W215Gfs*2）、c.320+4delAGTA、c.321-1G>A，Ex5 del，c.433G>A、c.581G>A（p.C194Y）、c.537G>A（p. W179X）以及Ex3-4 del。变异热点为c.643delT［43%（36/84）］及c.289_290delAC［36%（30/84）］。42例患者中31例（74%）有肾脏受累；25例患者中关节［16例（64%）］、发热［13例（52%）］、血液系统［13例（52%）］、皮疹［10例（40%）］、肠道［8例（32%）］、肺［6例（24%）］、眼［4例（16%）］、心脏［4例（16%）］受累，另有肌痛、光过敏、胸膜炎、肝大、意识改变各1例（4%）。2例合并心肺受累患者1例死亡，1例右心衰、预后不良。 结论： DNASE1L3基因缺陷导致的单基因狼疮临床表现异质性大，主要累及肾脏、血液、关节、肠道、心、肺系统等，临床表型与基因型无关；合并心、肺受累的患者预后较差。DNASE1L3基因缺陷以无义、剪切、移码、外显子缺失等无功能变异为主。对于起病年龄早、肾脏、关节、血液受累的系统性红斑狼疮疑似患儿需警惕DNASE1L3基因缺陷的发生，合并心、肺系统受累的患儿需密切监测病情进展以避免不良预后。对于全外显子组检测阴性患儿，需注意拷贝数变异的分析。.
目的： 探讨DNASE1L3基因缺陷导致的单基因狼疮的临床特征及基因变异特点，并提供初步的诊治经验。 方法： 收集经中山市博爱医院儿科转诊至北京协和医院儿科2020年8月确诊的DNASE1L3基因缺陷相关单基因狼疮一家系3例患儿的临床资料，提取患儿及父母的外周血DNA进行遗传学分析及验证，并检测干扰素刺激基因相对表达量检测其Ⅰ型干扰素通路激活情况。分别以“DNASE1L3”“系统性红斑狼疮”“SLE”为关键词查阅PubMed数据库、万方数据库、中国知网数据库自建库至2022年6月相关文献，并结合本家系进行基因变异谱及临床资料分析总结。 结果： 例1，女，14岁，水肿、血尿、大量蛋白尿，表现为膜性肾病。例2，男，12岁，例1之弟，血液、心脏、肺、肾脏受累，抗核抗体、抗双链DNA抗体阳性，低补体C3，表现为系统性红斑狼疮。例3，女，8岁，例1之妹，血液、心脏、肺、肾脏受累，抗核抗体、抗双链DNA抗体阳性，低补体C3、C4，表现为系统性红斑狼疮。基因检测发现3例患儿均为DNASE1L3基因外显子3及4纯合缺失导致；干扰素评分例1、2及父母均升高，例3正常。3例患儿均确诊为DNASE1L3基因缺陷导致单基因狼疮。检索符合条件的英文文献10篇，中文文献0篇，包括本家系3例共42例（18个家系）患者，共发现9个变异位点：c.289_290delAC（p.T97Ifs*2）、c.643delT（p.W215Gfs*2）、c.320+4delAGTA、c.321-1G>A，Ex5 del，c.433G>A、c.581G>A（p.C194Y）、c.537G>A（p. W179X）以及Ex3-4 del。变异热点为c.643delT［43%（36/84）］及c.289_290delAC［36%（30/84）］。42例患者中31例（74%）有肾脏受累；25例患者中关节［16例（64%）］、发热［13例（52%）］、血液系统［13例（52%）］、皮疹［10例（40%）］、肠道［8例（32%）］、肺［6例（24%）］、眼［4例（16%）］、心脏［4例（16%）］受累，另有肌痛、光过敏、胸膜炎、肝大、意识改变各1例（4%）。2例合并心肺受累患者1例死亡，1例右心衰、预后不良。 结论： DNASE1L3基因缺陷导致的单基因狼疮临床表现异质性大，主要累及肾脏、血液、关节、肠道、心、肺系统等，临床表型与基因型无关；合并心、肺受累的患者预后较差。DNASE1L3基因缺陷以无义、剪切、移码、外显子缺失等无功能变异为主。对于起病年龄早、肾脏、关节、血液受累的系统性红斑狼疮疑似患儿需警惕DNASE1L3基因缺陷的发生，合并心、肺系统受累的患儿需密切监测病情进展以避免不良预后。对于全外显子组检测阴性患儿，需注意拷贝数变异的分析。.
摘要：
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