PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Bird and bat turbine collision fatalities are a principal biodiversity impact at wind energy facilities. Raptors are a group at particular risk and often the focus of post-construction fatality monitoring programs. To estimate fatalities from detected carcasses requires correction for biases, including for carcasses that are removed or decompose before the following search. This is addressed through persistence trials, where carcasses are monitored until no longer detectable or the trial ends. Sourcing sufficient raptor carcasses for trials is challenging and surrogates that are typically used often have shorter persistence times than raptors. We collated information from raptor carcass persistence trials to evaluate consistencies between trials and assess the implications of using persistence values from other studies in wind facility fatality estimates. We compiled individual raptor carcass persistence times from published sources along with information on methods and location, estimated carcass persistence using GenEst and ran full fatality estimates using the carcass persistence estimates and mock datasets for other information. We compiled results from 22 trials from 17 sites across four terrestrial biomes, with trials lasting between 7 and 365 days and involving between 11 and 115 carcasses. Median carcass persistence was estimated at 420 days (90% confidence interval (CI) of 290 to 607 days) for the full dataset. Persistence time varied significantly between trials (trial-specific persistence estimates of 14 (5-42) days to 1,586 (816-3,084) days) but not between terrestrial biomes. We also found no significant relationship between either the number of carcasses in the trial or trial duration and estimated carcass persistence. Using a mock dataset with 12 observed fatalities, we estimated annual fatalities of 25 (16-33) or 26 (17-36) individuals using a 14- or 28-day search interval respectively using global dataset. When using trial-specific carcass persistence estimates and the same mock dataset, estimated annual fatalities ranged from 22 (14-30) to 37 (21-63) individuals for a 14-day search interval, and from 22 (15-31) to 47 (26-84) individuals for a 28-day search interval. The different raptor carcass persistence rates between trials translated to small effects on fatality estimates when using recommended search frequencies, since persistence rates were generally much longer than the search interval. When threatened raptor species, or raptors of particular concern to stakeholders are present, and no site-specific carcass persistence estimates are available, projects should use the lowest median carcass persistence estimate from this study to provide precautionary estimates of fatalities. At sites without threatened species, or where the risk of collision to raptors is low, the global median carcass persistence estimate from this review could be used to provide a plausible estimate for annual raptor fatalities.
摘要：
鸟类和蝙蝠涡轮机碰撞死亡是风能设施对生物多样性的主要影响。猛禽是面临特殊风险的群体，通常是施工后死亡监测计划的重点。为了估计检测到的尸体的死亡人数，需要纠正偏见，包括在以下搜索之前被移除或分解的屠体。这是通过持久性试验解决的，对尸体进行监测，直到不再可检测或试验结束。为试验寻找足够的猛禽尸体是具有挑战性的，通常使用的替代品通常比猛禽的持续时间短。我们整理了猛禽car体持久性试验的信息，以评估试验之间的一致性，并评估在风力设施死亡率估计中使用其他研究的持久性值的含义。我们根据已发布的资料编制了单个猛禽car体的持久性时间，以及有关方法和位置的信息，使用GenEst估计car体持久性，并使用car体持久性估计和其他信息的模拟数据集进行完整的死亡率估计。我们汇总了来自四个陆地生物群落17个地点的22项试验的结果，试验持续7至365天，涉及11至115具尸体。对于完整数据集，平均car体持久性估计为420天（90％置信区间（CI）为290至607天）。试验之间的持续时间差异很大（试验特定的持续估计为14（5-42）天至1,586（816-3,084）天），但陆地生物群落之间没有差异。我们还发现试验中的car体数量或试验持续时间与估计的car体持久性之间没有显着关系。使用12个观察到的死亡人数的模拟数据集，我们使用全球数据集,使用14天或28天的搜索间隔分别估计了25例(16-33例)或26例(17-36例)的年死亡人数.当使用特定试验的car体持久性估计和相同的模拟数据集时，在14天的搜索间隔内，估计每年死亡人数从22人(14-30人)到37人(21-63人)不等，从22（15-31）到47（26-84）个个体进行28天的搜索间隔。使用推荐的搜索频率时，试验之间不同的猛禽car体持久性率对死亡率估计的影响很小，因为持续率通常比搜索间隔长得多。当受到猛禽物种威胁时，或者利益相关者特别关注的猛禽在场，没有特定地点的屠体持久性估计，项目应使用本研究中最低的car体持久性估计，以提供死亡人数的预防性估计。在没有受威胁物种的地方，或者在与猛禽相撞的风险很低的地方，本综述的全球中位值屠体持久性估计可用于为每年的猛禽死亡率提供合理的估计。
