Abstract：
Objective: To screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), and to perform functional analysis and clinical validation of them, intending to lay a theoretical foundation for epigenetic therapy of chronic refractory wounds. Methods: An observational study was conducted. The gene expression profile dataset GSE80178 of DFU patients in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) was selected, and the DEG between three normal skin tissue samples and six DFU tissue samples in the dataset was analyzed and screened using the GEO2R tool. For the screened DEG, ClusterProfiler, org.Hs.eg.db, GOplot, and ggplot2 in the R language packages were used for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, respectively. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed using STRING database to screen key genes in the DEG, and GO enrichment analysis of key genes was performed using Cytohubba plug-in in Cytoscape 3.9.1 software. DFU tissue and normal skin tissue discarded after surgery were collected respectively from 15 DFU patients (7 males and 8 females, aged 55-87 years) and 15 acute wound patients (6 males and 9 females, aged 8-52 years) who were admitted to Xiang\'an Hospital of Xiamen University from September 2018 to March 2021. The mRNA and protein expressions of small proline-rich repeat protein 1A (SPRR1A) and late cornified envelope protein 3C (LCE3C) were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test. Results: Compared with normal skin tissue, 492 statistically differentially expressed DEGs were screened from DFU tissue of DFU patients (corrected P<0.05 or corrected P<0.01), including 363 up-regulated DEGs and 129 down-regulated DEGs. GO terminology analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the aspects of skin development, keratinocyte (KC) differentiation, keratinization, epidermal development, and epidermal cell differentiation, etc. (corrected P values all <0.01). KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in the aspects of tumor-associated microRNA, Ras related protein 1 signaling pathway, and pluripotent stem cell regulatory signaling pathway, etc. (corrected P values all <0.01). PPI analysis showed that endophial protein, SPRR1A, SPRR1B, SPRR2B, SPRR2E, SPRR2F, LCE3C, LCE3E, keratin 16 (all down-regulated DEGs), and filoprotein (up-regulated DEG) were key genes of DEGs screened from DFU tissue of DFU patients, which were significantly enriched in GO terms of keratinization, KC differentiation, epidermal cell differentiation, skin development, epidermis development, and peptide cross-linking, etc. (corrected P values all <0.01). The mRNA expressions of SPRR1A and LCE3C in DFU tissue of DFU patients were 0.588±0.082 and 0.659±0.098, respectively, and the protein expressions were 0.22±0.05 and 0.24±0.04, respectively, which were significantly lower than 1.069±0.025 and 1.053±0.044 (with t values of 20.91 and 13.66, respectively, P values all <0.01) and 0.38±0.04 and 0.45±0.05 (with t values of 9.69 and 12.46, respectively, P values all <0.01) in normal skin tissue of acute wound patients. Conclusions: Compared with normal skin tissue, there is DEG profile in DFU tissue of DFU patients, with DEGs being significantly enriched in the aspects of KC differentiation and keratin function. Key DEGs are related to the biological function of KC, and their low expressions in DFU tissue of DFU patients may impede ulcer healing.
目的： 筛选糖尿病足溃疡（DFU）的差异表达基因（DEG）并对其进行功能分析与临床验证，以期为慢性难愈性创面的表观遗传学治疗奠定理论基础。 方法： 采用观察性研究方法。选取基因表达综合数据库（GEO）中的DFU患者基因表达谱数据集GSE80178，采用GEO2R工具分析筛选数据集中3个正常皮肤组织样本与6个DFU组织样本之间的DEG。对筛选出的DEG，采用R语言程序包中ClusterProfiler、org.Hs.eg.db、GOplot和ggplot2分别进行生物学过程、分子功能、细胞组分的基因本体论（GO）富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）富集分析；采用STRING数据库进行蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）分析，筛选DEG中的关键基因，用Cytoscape 3.9.1软件中Cytohubba插件进行关键基因的GO富集分析。取厦门大学附属翔安医院2018年9月—2021年3月收治的15例DFU患者（男7例、女8例，年龄55~87岁）的DFU组织和15例急性创面患者（男6例、女9例，年龄8~52岁）术后弃用的正常皮肤组织，分别采用实时荧光定量反转录PCR法与免疫组织化学法检测富含脯氨酸的小重复蛋白1A（SPRR1A）和晚期角质化包膜蛋白3C（LCE3C）的mRNA与蛋白表达。对数据行独立样本t检验。 结果： 与正常皮肤组织比较，从DFU患者DFU组织中筛选出492个差异表达显著的DEG（校正P<0.05或校正P<0.01），包括363个上调DEG和129个下调DEG。GO术语分析显示，DEG在皮肤发育、角质形成细胞（KC）分化、角质化、表皮发育、表皮细胞分化等方面显著富集（校正P值均<0.01）；KEGG通路分析显示，DEG在肿瘤相关微小RNA、Ras相关蛋白1信号通路和多能干细胞调控信号通路等方面显著富集（校正P值均<0.01）。PPI分析显示，内披蛋白、SPRR1A、SPRR1B、SPRR2B、SPRR2E、SPRR2F、LCE3C、LCE3E、角蛋白16（均为下调DEG）和丝聚蛋白（为上调DEG）为从DFU患者DFU组织中筛选出的DEG中的关键基因，其显著富集于角质化、KC分化、表皮细胞分化、皮肤发育、表皮发育、多肽交联等GO术语（校正P值均<0.01）。DFU患者DFU组织中SPRR1A和LCE3C的mRNA表达量分别为0.588±0.082与0.659±0.098、蛋白表达量分别为0.22±0.05与0.24±0.04，分别明显低于急性创面患者正常皮肤组织的1.069±0.025与1.053±0.044（t值分别为20.91、13.66，P值均<0.01）、0.38±0.04与0.45±0.05（t值分别为9.69、12.46，P值均<0.01）。 结论： 相较于正常皮肤组织，DFU患者DFU组织中存在DEG谱，且DEG显著富集于KC分化及角蛋白功能方面；关键DEG与KC生物学功能相关，在DFU患者DFU组织中的低表达可能阻碍溃疡愈合。.
目的： 筛选糖尿病足溃疡（DFU）的差异表达基因（DEG）并对其进行功能分析与临床验证，以期为慢性难愈性创面的表观遗传学治疗奠定理论基础。 方法： 采用观察性研究方法。选取基因表达综合数据库（GEO）中的DFU患者基因表达谱数据集GSE80178，采用GEO2R工具分析筛选数据集中3个正常皮肤组织样本与6个DFU组织样本之间的DEG。对筛选出的DEG，采用R语言程序包中ClusterProfiler、org.Hs.eg.db、GOplot和ggplot2分别进行生物学过程、分子功能、细胞组分的基因本体论（GO）富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书（KEGG）富集分析；采用STRING数据库进行蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）分析，筛选DEG中的关键基因，用Cytoscape 3.9.1软件中Cytohubba插件进行关键基因的GO富集分析。取厦门大学附属翔安医院2018年9月—2021年3月收治的15例DFU患者（男7例、女8例，年龄55~87岁）的DFU组织和15例急性创面患者（男6例、女9例，年龄8~52岁）术后弃用的正常皮肤组织，分别采用实时荧光定量反转录PCR法与免疫组织化学法检测富含脯氨酸的小重复蛋白1A（SPRR1A）和晚期角质化包膜蛋白3C（LCE3C）的mRNA与蛋白表达。对数据行独立样本t检验。 结果： 与正常皮肤组织比较，从DFU患者DFU组织中筛选出492个差异表达显著的DEG（校正P<0.05或校正P<0.01），包括363个上调DEG和129个下调DEG。GO术语分析显示，DEG在皮肤发育、角质形成细胞（KC）分化、角质化、表皮发育、表皮细胞分化等方面显著富集（校正P值均<0.01）；KEGG通路分析显示，DEG在肿瘤相关微小RNA、Ras相关蛋白1信号通路和多能干细胞调控信号通路等方面显著富集（校正P值均<0.01）。PPI分析显示，内披蛋白、SPRR1A、SPRR1B、SPRR2B、SPRR2E、SPRR2F、LCE3C、LCE3E、角蛋白16（均为下调DEG）和丝聚蛋白（为上调DEG）为从DFU患者DFU组织中筛选出的DEG中的关键基因，其显著富集于角质化、KC分化、表皮细胞分化、皮肤发育、表皮发育、多肽交联等GO术语（校正P值均<0.01）。DFU患者DFU组织中SPRR1A和LCE3C的mRNA表达量分别为0.588±0.082与0.659±0.098、蛋白表达量分别为0.22±0.05与0.24±0.04，分别明显低于急性创面患者正常皮肤组织的1.069±0.025与1.053±0.044（t值分别为20.91、13.66，P值均<0.01）、0.38±0.04与0.45±0.05（t值分别为9.69、12.46，P值均<0.01）。 结论： 相较于正常皮肤组织，DFU患者DFU组织中存在DEG谱，且DEG显著富集于KC分化及角蛋白功能方面；关键DEG与KC生物学功能相关，在DFU患者DFU组织中的低表达可能阻碍溃疡愈合。.
摘要：
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