Abstract：
Nanomaterials (NMs) solve specific problems with remarkable results in several industrial and scientific areas. Among NMs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively employed as drug carriers, medical diagnostics, energy harvesting devices, sensors, lubricants, and bioremediation. Notably, they have shown excellent antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral properties in the biomedical field. The literature analysis shows a selective cytotoxic effect on cancer cells compared to healthy cells, making its potential application in cancer treatment evident, increasing the need to study the potential risk of their use to environmental and human health. A large battery of toxicity models, both in vitro and in vivo, have been established to predict the harmful effects of incorporating AgNPs in these numerous areas or those produced due to involuntary exposure. However, these models often report contradictory results due to their lack of standardization, generating controversy and slowing the advances in nanotoxicology research, fundamentally by generalizing the biological response produced by the AgNP formulations. This review summarizes the last ten years\' reports concerning AgNPs\' toxicity in cellular respiratory system models (e.g., mono-culture models, co-cultures, 3D cultures, ex vivo and in vivo). In turn, more complex cellular models represent in a better way the physical and chemical barriers of the body; however, results should be used carefully so as not to be misleading. The main objective of this work is to highlight current models with the highest physiological relevance, identifying the opportunity areas of lung nanotoxicology and contributing to the establishment and strengthening of specific regulations regarding health and the environment.
摘要：
纳米材料（NMs）在几个工业和科学领域中解决了特定问题，并取得了显着成果。在NMs中，银纳米粒子(AgNPs)已被广泛用作药物载体,医学诊断,能量收集装置，传感器,润滑剂和生物修复。值得注意的是,它们表现出优异的抗菌作用，抗癌，和生物医学领域的抗病毒特性。文献分析表明，与健康细胞相比，对癌细胞具有选择性的细胞毒性作用，使其在癌症治疗中的潜在应用显而易见，越来越需要研究它们对环境和人类健康的潜在风险。大量的毒性模型，在体外和体内，已经确定可以预测在这些众多领域或由于非自愿暴露而产生的AgNPs的有害影响。然而,由于缺乏标准化，这些模型经常报告相互矛盾的结果，引发争议并减缓纳米毒理学研究的进展，基本上通过推广AgNP制剂产生的生物反应。这篇综述总结了最近十年关于细胞呼吸系统模型中AgNPs毒性的报道(例如，单一文化模型，共同文化，3D文化,离体和体内)。反过来,更复杂的细胞模型以更好的方式代表身体的物理和化学屏障；然而，结果应谨慎使用，以免误导。这项工作的主要目的是突出当前具有最高生理相关性的模型，确定肺纳米毒理学的机会领域，并有助于建立和加强有关健康和环境的具体法规。
