Abstract：
Globally, most Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) transmission occurs through vaginal-penile sex (heterosexual transmission). The local immune environment at the site of HIV exposure is an important determinant of whether exposure during sex will lead to productive infection, and the vaginal and penile immune milieus are each critically shaped by the local microbiome. However, there are key differences in the microbial drivers of inflammation and immune quiescence at these tissue sites. In both, a high abundance of anaerobic taxa (e.g., Prevotella) is associated with an increased local density of HIV target cells and an increased risk of acquiring HIV through sex. However, the taxa that have been associated to date with increased risk in the vagina and penis are not identical. Just as importantly, the microbiota associated with comparatively less inflammation and HIV risk-i.e., the optimal microbiota-are very different at the two sites. In the vagina, Lactobacillus spp. are immunoregulatory and may protect against HIV acquisition, whereas on the penis, \"skin type\" flora such as Corynebacterium are associated with reduced inflammation. Compared to its vaginal counterpart, much less is known about the dynamics of the penile microbiome, the ability of clinical interventions to alter the penile microbiome, or the impact of natural/induced microbiome alterations on penile immunology and HIV risk.
摘要：
全球范围内,大多数人类免疫缺陷病毒1型（HIV）传播通过阴道-阴茎性（异性传播）发生。HIV暴露部位的局部免疫环境是决定性行为中暴露是否会导致生产性感染的重要决定因素,阴道和阴茎的免疫环境都是由局部微生物组成的。然而,在这些组织部位，炎症和免疫静止的微生物驱动因素存在关键差异。在两者中，大量的厌氧分类单元(例如，Prevotella）与HIV靶细胞的局部密度增加以及通过性行为获得HIV的风险增加有关。然而,迄今为止与阴道和阴茎风险增加相关的分类群并不相同。同样重要的是,与相对较少的炎症和HIV风险相关的微生物群-即，最佳微生物群-在这两个地点是非常不同的。在阴道里,乳杆菌属。是免疫调节的，可以防止艾滋病毒感染，而在阴茎上，“皮肤型”菌群如棒状杆菌与炎症减少有关。与阴道对应物相比，人们对阴茎微生物组的动力学知之甚少，临床干预改变阴茎微生物组的能力，或自然/诱导的微生物组改变对阴茎免疫学和HIV风险的影响。
