Abstract：
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the environment has attracted increasing attention as an emerging global threat to public health. Stone is an essential ecosystem in nature and also an important material for human society, having architectural and aesthetic values. However, little is known about the AMR in stone ecosystems, particularly in the stone monument, where antimicrobials are often applied against biodeterioration. Here, we provide the first detailed metagenomic study of AMR genes across different types of biodeteriorated stone monuments, which revealed abundant and diverse AMR genes conferring resistance to drugs (antibiotics), biocides, and metals. Totally, 132 AMR subtypes belonging to 27 AMR types were detected including copper-, rifampin-, and aminocoumarins-resistance genes, of which diversity was mainly explained by the spatial turnover (replacement of genes between samples) rather than nestedness (loss of nested genes between samples). Source track analysis confirms that stone resistomes are likely driven by anthropogenic activities across stone heritage areas. We also detected various mobile genetic elements (namely mobilome, e.g., prophages, plasmids, and insertion sequences) that could accelerate replication and horizontal transfer of AMR genes. Host-tracking analysis further identified multiple biodeterioration-related bacterial genera such as Pseudonocardia, Sphingmonas, and Streptomyces as the major hosts of resistome. Taken together, these findings highlight that stone microbiota is one of the natural reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant hazards, and the diverse resistome and mobilome carried by active biodeteriogens may improve their adaptation on stone and even deactivate the antimicrobials applied against biodeterioration. This enhanced knowledge may also provide novel and specific avenues for environmental management and stone heritage protection.
摘要：
环境中的抗菌素耐药性（AMR）作为对公共卫生的新兴全球威胁而引起了越来越多的关注。石头是自然界中必不可少的生态系统,也是人类社会的重要物质,具有建筑和美学价值。然而,对石头生态系统中的AMR知之甚少，特别是在石碑上，在那里，抗微生物剂经常被用于防止生物变质。这里,我们提供了跨不同类型的生物变质石碑AMR基因的第一个详细宏基因组研究，这揭示了丰富多样的AMR基因赋予药物（抗生素）抗性，杀生物剂,和金属。完全正确,检测到属于27种AMR类型的132种AMR亚型，包括铜-，利福平-,和氨基香豆素抗性基因，其中的多样性主要由空间周转（样品之间的基因替换）而不是嵌套（样品之间嵌套基因的丢失）来解释。来源跟踪分析证实，石材抗性很可能是由石材遗产地区的人为活动驱动的。我们还检测到各种移动遗传元件(即动员体，例如，预言,质粒,和插入序列），可以加速AMR基因的复制和水平转移。宿主追踪分析进一步确定了多个与生物降解相关的细菌属，例如假心菌病，Sphingmonas,和链霉菌是抗性组的主要宿主。一起来看,这些发现突出表明，石头微生物群是抗微生物药物抗性危害的天然储库之一，活性生物变质原携带的多种抗性组和动员体可能会改善其对结石的适应性，甚至使针对生物变质的抗微生物剂失活。这种增强的知识还可以为环境管理和石材遗产保护提供新颖而具体的途径。
