Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyles, urbanization and improvements in socio-economic status have had serious effects on the burden of diabetes across the world. Diabetes is one of the 10 leading causes of death globally, and individuals with diabetes have a 2-3-fold increased risk of all-cause mortality. Adipose tissue is increasingly understood as a highly active endocrine gland that secretes many biologically active substances, including adipocytokines. However, the exact and discrete pathophysiological links between obesity and T2DM are not yet fully elucidated.
METHODS: In the current study, we present the association of five diverse adipocytokines, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin and chemerin, with T2DM in 87 patients (46 males and 41 females) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 85 healthy controls (44 males and 41 females) from the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. The patients were divided into four groups: normal BMI, overweight, obese and severely obese. The baseline biochemical characteristics, including HbA1c and anthropometric lipid indices, such as BMI and waist-hip ratio, were determined by standard procedures, whereas the selected adipokine levels were assayed by ELISA.
RESULTS: The results showed significantly decreased levels of adiponectin in the T2DM patients compared to the control group, and the decrease was more pronounced in obese and severely obese T2DM patients. Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the females compared to the males in the controls as well as all the four groups of T2DM patients. In the male T2DM patients, a progressive increase was observed in the leptin levels as the BMI increased, although these only reached significantly altered levels in the obese and severely obese patients. The serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the severely obese female patients compared to the controls, patients with normal BMI, and overweight patients. The leptin/adiponectin ratio was significantly higher in the obese and severely obese patients compared to the controls, patients with normal BMI, and overweight patients in both genders. The serum resistin levels did not show any significant differences between the males and females in thr controls or in the T2DM groups, irrespective of the BMI status of the T2DM patients. The visfatin levels did not reveal any significant gender-based differences, but significantly higher levels of visfatin were observed in the T2DM patients, irrespective of their level of obesity, although the higher values were observed in the obese and highly obese patients. Similarly, the serum chemerin levels in the controls, as well as in T2DM patients, did not show any significant gender-based differences. However, in the T2DM patients, the chemerin levels showed a progressive increase, with the increase in BMI reaching highly significant levels in the obese and severely obese patients, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, it is concluded that significantly altered concentrations of four adipokines, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and chemerin, were found in the T2DM patient group compared to the controls, with more pronounced alterations observed in the obese and highly obese patients. Thus, it can be surmised that these four adipokines play a profound role in the onset, progression and associated complications of T2DM. In view of the relatively small sample size in our study, future prospective studies are needed on a large sample size to explore the in-depth relationship between adipokines and T2DM.
METHODS: In the current study, we present the association of five diverse adipocytokines, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin and chemerin, with T2DM in 87 patients (46 males and 41 females) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 85 healthy controls (44 males and 41 females) from the Asir region of Saudi Arabia. The patients were divided into four groups: normal BMI, overweight, obese and severely obese. The baseline biochemical characteristics, including HbA1c and anthropometric lipid indices, such as BMI and waist-hip ratio, were determined by standard procedures, whereas the selected adipokine levels were assayed by ELISA.
RESULTS: The results showed significantly decreased levels of adiponectin in the T2DM patients compared to the control group, and the decrease was more pronounced in obese and severely obese T2DM patients. Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the females compared to the males in the controls as well as all the four groups of T2DM patients. In the male T2DM patients, a progressive increase was observed in the leptin levels as the BMI increased, although these only reached significantly altered levels in the obese and severely obese patients. The serum leptin levels were significantly higher in the severely obese female patients compared to the controls, patients with normal BMI, and overweight patients. The leptin/adiponectin ratio was significantly higher in the obese and severely obese patients compared to the controls, patients with normal BMI, and overweight patients in both genders. The serum resistin levels did not show any significant differences between the males and females in thr controls or in the T2DM groups, irrespective of the BMI status of the T2DM patients. The visfatin levels did not reveal any significant gender-based differences, but significantly higher levels of visfatin were observed in the T2DM patients, irrespective of their level of obesity, although the higher values were observed in the obese and highly obese patients. Similarly, the serum chemerin levels in the controls, as well as in T2DM patients, did not show any significant gender-based differences. However, in the T2DM patients, the chemerin levels showed a progressive increase, with the increase in BMI reaching highly significant levels in the obese and severely obese patients, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, it is concluded that significantly altered concentrations of four adipokines, adiponectin, leptin, visfatin and chemerin, were found in the T2DM patient group compared to the controls, with more pronounced alterations observed in the obese and highly obese patients. Thus, it can be surmised that these four adipokines play a profound role in the onset, progression and associated complications of T2DM. In view of the relatively small sample size in our study, future prospective studies are needed on a large sample size to explore the in-depth relationship between adipokines and T2DM.
摘要：
背景：久坐不动的生活方式，城市化和社会经济地位的改善对全世界的糖尿病负担产生了严重影响.糖尿病是全球十大死亡原因之一，糖尿病患者的全因死亡风险增加2-3倍.脂肪组织越来越被理解为分泌许多生物活性物质的高度活跃的内分泌腺，包括脂肪细胞因子。然而,肥胖和T2DM之间确切和离散的病理生理联系尚未完全阐明.
方法：在目前的研究中，我们提出了五种不同的脂肪细胞因子的关联，脂联素,瘦素,抵抗素,内脂素和chemerin,来自沙特阿拉伯Asir地区的87例2型糖尿病患者（46例男性和41例女性）和85例健康对照（44例男性和41例女性）患有T2DM。将患者分为四组:正常BMI、超重,肥胖和严重肥胖。基线生化特征，包括HbA1c和人体测量血脂指标，如BMI和腰臀比，是通过标准程序确定的，而选择的脂肪因子水平通过ELISA测定。
结果：结果显示，与对照组相比，T2DM患者的脂联素水平明显降低，在肥胖和严重肥胖的T2DM患者中下降更为明显.对照组以及所有四组T2DM患者中，女性的血清瘦素水平明显高于男性。在男性T2DM患者中，随着BMI的增加，瘦素水平逐渐增加，尽管这些仅在肥胖和严重肥胖患者中达到显着改变的水平。严重肥胖女性患者的血清瘦素水平明显高于对照组，BMI正常的患者，超重患者。肥胖和严重肥胖患者的瘦素/脂联素比率明显高于对照组，BMI正常的患者，男女超重患者。血清抵抗素水平在对照组和T2DM组男性和女性之间没有显着差异。无论2型糖尿病患者的BMI状况如何。visfatin水平没有显示任何显著的性别差异，但在T2DM患者中观察到明显更高的内脂素水平，不管他们的肥胖程度如何，尽管在肥胖和高度肥胖患者中观察到更高的值。同样，对照组的血清chemerin水平,以及T2DM患者，没有显示任何显著的基于性别的差异。然而,在T2DM患者中，chemerin水平逐渐升高,随着肥胖和严重肥胖患者BMI的增加达到高度显着水平，分别。
结论：总之，结论是四种脂肪因子的浓度显著改变，脂联素,瘦素,内脂素和chemerin,与对照组相比，在T2DM患者组中发现，在肥胖和高度肥胖患者中观察到更明显的变化。因此，可以推测这四种脂肪因子在发病中起着深远的作用，2型糖尿病的进展和相关并发症。鉴于我们研究的样本量相对较小，未来需要大样本量的前瞻性研究来探讨脂肪因子与T2DM之间的深层关系.
方法：在目前的研究中，我们提出了五种不同的脂肪细胞因子的关联，脂联素,瘦素,抵抗素,内脂素和chemerin,来自沙特阿拉伯Asir地区的87例2型糖尿病患者（46例男性和41例女性）和85例健康对照（44例男性和41例女性）患有T2DM。将患者分为四组:正常BMI、超重,肥胖和严重肥胖。基线生化特征，包括HbA1c和人体测量血脂指标，如BMI和腰臀比，是通过标准程序确定的，而选择的脂肪因子水平通过ELISA测定。
结果：结果显示，与对照组相比，T2DM患者的脂联素水平明显降低，在肥胖和严重肥胖的T2DM患者中下降更为明显.对照组以及所有四组T2DM患者中，女性的血清瘦素水平明显高于男性。在男性T2DM患者中，随着BMI的增加，瘦素水平逐渐增加，尽管这些仅在肥胖和严重肥胖患者中达到显着改变的水平。严重肥胖女性患者的血清瘦素水平明显高于对照组，BMI正常的患者，超重患者。肥胖和严重肥胖患者的瘦素/脂联素比率明显高于对照组，BMI正常的患者，男女超重患者。血清抵抗素水平在对照组和T2DM组男性和女性之间没有显着差异。无论2型糖尿病患者的BMI状况如何。visfatin水平没有显示任何显著的性别差异，但在T2DM患者中观察到明显更高的内脂素水平，不管他们的肥胖程度如何，尽管在肥胖和高度肥胖患者中观察到更高的值。同样，对照组的血清chemerin水平,以及T2DM患者，没有显示任何显著的基于性别的差异。然而,在T2DM患者中，chemerin水平逐渐升高,随着肥胖和严重肥胖患者BMI的增加达到高度显着水平，分别。
结论：总之，结论是四种脂肪因子的浓度显著改变，脂联素,瘦素,内脂素和chemerin,与对照组相比，在T2DM患者组中发现，在肥胖和高度肥胖患者中观察到更明显的变化。因此，可以推测这四种脂肪因子在发病中起着深远的作用，2型糖尿病的进展和相关并发症。鉴于我们研究的样本量相对较小，未来需要大样本量的前瞻性研究来探讨脂肪因子与T2DM之间的深层关系.
