Abstract：
Endotoxins as the outer membrane of most Gram-Negative Bacteria (GNB) and typical toxic biochemical produced by microorganisms are identified as one of the emerging pollutants. These microbial by-products are harmful compounds that can be present in various environments including air, water, soil, and other ecosystems which were discussed in detail in this review. Environmental and occupational exposure caused by endotoxin occurs in water and wastewater treatment plants, industrial plants, farming, waste recovery, and composting facilities. Even though the health risk related to endotoxin injection in intravenous and dialysis are well identified, the harmful effects of ingestion, inhalation, and other way of exposure are not well quantified and there is insufficient information on the potential health risks of endotoxins exposure in water environments, and another exposure. Because of limited studies, the outbreaks of diseases related to endotoxins in the various source of exposure not been well documented. Endotoxin removal from different environments are investigated in this review. The results of various studies have shown that conventional treatment methods have been unable to remove endotoxins from water and wastewater, therefore, monitoring the effectiveness of these processes in controlling this contaminant and also using the appropriate removal method is essential. However, management of water and wastewater treatment processes and the use of advanced processes such as Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) can be effective in monitoring and reducing endotoxin levels during water and wastewater treatment. One of the limitations of endotoxin monitoring is the lack of sufficient information to develop monitoring levels. In addition, the lack of guidelines and methods of controlling them at high levels may cause irreparable disaster.
摘要：
内毒素作为大多数革兰氏阴性细菌（GNB）的外膜和微生物产生的典型毒性生化物质被确定为新兴污染物之一。这些微生物副产物是有害化合物，可以存在于各种环境中，包括空气，水,土壤,以及在这篇综述中详细讨论的其他生态系统。水和污水处理厂发生内毒素引起的环境和职业暴露，工业厂房,农业,废物回收,和堆肥设施。尽管已很好地确定了与静脉注射和透析中的内毒素注射相关的健康风险，摄入的有害影响，吸入,和其他方式的接触没有很好的量化，关于水环境中内毒素暴露的潜在健康风险的信息不足，和另一个曝光。由于研究有限，在各种接触来源中与内毒素有关的疾病的爆发没有得到很好的记录。本综述研究了从不同环境中去除内毒素的方法。各种研究结果表明,常规处理方法已无法去除水和废水中的内毒素,因此,监测这些过程在控制这种污染物和使用适当的去除方法的有效性是至关重要的。然而,水和废水处理过程的管理以及高级氧化工艺（AOP）的使用可以有效地监测和减少水和废水处理过程中的内毒素水平。内毒素监测的限制之一是缺乏足够的信息来发展监测水平。此外,缺乏高水平控制它们的指导方针和方法可能会造成无法挽回的灾难。
