Abstract：
The polarity of cellular components is essential for cellular shape changes, oriented cell migration, and modulating intra- and intercellular mechanical forces. However, many aspects of polarized cell behavior-especially dynamic cell shape changes during the process of morphogenesis-are almost impossible to study in cells cultured in plastic dishes. Avian embryos have always been a treasured model system to study vertebrate morphogenesis for developmental biologists. Avian embryos recapitulate human biology particularly well in the early stages due to their flat disc gastruloids. Since avian embryos can be manipulated in ovo they present paramount opportunities for highly localized targeting of genetic mechanisms during cellular and developmental processes. Here, we review the application of these methods for both gain of function and loss of function of a gene of interest at a specific developmental stage during left-right (LR) asymmetric gut morphogenesis. These tools present a powerful premise to investigate various polarized cellular activities and molecular processes in vivo in a reproducible manner.
摘要：
细胞成分的极性对于细胞形状的变化至关重要，定向细胞迁移，调节细胞内和细胞间的机械力。然而,极化细胞行为的许多方面，尤其是形态发生过程中的动态细胞形状变化，几乎不可能在塑料培养皿中培养的细胞中进行研究。鸟类胚胎一直是发育生物学家研究脊椎动物形态发生的宝贵模型系统。禽类胚胎由于其扁平的圆盘状细胞而在早期阶段特别好地概括了人类生物学。由于禽类胚胎可以在卵中操作，因此它们为在细胞和发育过程中高度定位遗传机制提供了至关重要的机会。这里,我们回顾了这些方法在左右（LR）不对称肠道形态发生过程中特定发育阶段感兴趣的基因功能获得和功能丧失的应用。这些工具为以可重复的方式研究体内各种极化细胞活动和分子过程提供了强大的前提。
