Abstract：
Internationally, many supervised consumption services (SCS) include drug inhalation (smoking). However, most research is focused on SCS for people who inject drugs. We aimed to: (1) synthesize the literature on including inhalation or other forms of non-injection drug use (e.g., oral, intranasal) within SCS; (2) describe the state of the science on the feasibility of this practice and its outcomes; and (3) outline an agenda for future evaluation research in this area.
We searched 9 academic and 13 grey literature databases and ultimately included 40 studies. Thirty-two studies (80%) reported findings from feasibility or needs assessments. From these studies, we extracted information on willingness to use these services, perspectives of people who use drugs and other stakeholders, and recommendations for implementation. Eight studies (20%) evaluated including inhalation in SCS, from which we extracted data on associated outcomes. Data were analysed using narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics.
We found high willingness to use SCS including inhalation among people who use drugs, especially those experiencing structural vulnerability. Research emphasized a need for implementation to account for the social nature of drug inhalation, and to limit potential occupational hazards associated with passive inhalation. Positive outcomes associated with inhalation within SCS included improved health and safety of people who use drugs and decreased public drug use. However, this evidence was based primarily on a limited number of studies with designs of mixed quality.
Our review demonstrates feasibility of, and need for, implementing SCS including inhalation, and some potential positive outcomes associated with this practice. However, more comprehensive and systematic evaluations of including inhalation as well as other forms of non-injection drug use (e.g., oral, intranasal, rectal) within SCS should be conducted.
We searched 9 academic and 13 grey literature databases and ultimately included 40 studies. Thirty-two studies (80%) reported findings from feasibility or needs assessments. From these studies, we extracted information on willingness to use these services, perspectives of people who use drugs and other stakeholders, and recommendations for implementation. Eight studies (20%) evaluated including inhalation in SCS, from which we extracted data on associated outcomes. Data were analysed using narrative synthesis and descriptive statistics.
We found high willingness to use SCS including inhalation among people who use drugs, especially those experiencing structural vulnerability. Research emphasized a need for implementation to account for the social nature of drug inhalation, and to limit potential occupational hazards associated with passive inhalation. Positive outcomes associated with inhalation within SCS included improved health and safety of people who use drugs and decreased public drug use. However, this evidence was based primarily on a limited number of studies with designs of mixed quality.
Our review demonstrates feasibility of, and need for, implementing SCS including inhalation, and some potential positive outcomes associated with this practice. However, more comprehensive and systematic evaluations of including inhalation as well as other forms of non-injection drug use (e.g., oral, intranasal, rectal) within SCS should be conducted.
摘要：
国际上,许多监督消费服务(SCS)包括药物吸入(吸烟)。然而,大多数研究都集中在注射毒品的人的SCS上。我们的目标是：（1）综合包括吸入或其他形式的非注射药物使用的文献（例如，口服,鼻内）在SCS内；（2）描述这种做法的可行性及其结果的科学状态；（3）概述了该领域未来评估研究的议程。
我们检索了9个学术数据库和13个灰色文献数据库，最终纳入了40项研究。32项研究（80％）报告了可行性或需求评估的结果。从这些研究中,我们提取了有关使用这些服务的意愿的信息，使用毒品的人和其他利益相关者的观点，和实施建议。8项研究（20%）评估包括SCS的吸入，从中提取相关结果的数据。数据采用叙述性综合和描述性统计分析。
我们发现，在使用药物的人中，使用SCS的意愿很高，包括吸入，尤其是那些经历结构脆弱性的人。研究强调需要实施药物吸入的社会性质，并限制与被动吸入相关的潜在职业危害。与SCS内吸入相关的积极结果包括改善使用药物的人的健康和安全性以及减少公共药物使用。然而,这一证据主要基于数量有限的混合质量设计研究.
我们的审查证明了，和需要，实施SCS，包括吸入，以及与这种做法相关的一些潜在的积极结果。然而,对包括吸入以及其他形式的非注射药物使用进行更全面和系统的评估(例如，口服,鼻内,直肠)应在SCS内进行。
我们检索了9个学术数据库和13个灰色文献数据库，最终纳入了40项研究。32项研究（80％）报告了可行性或需求评估的结果。从这些研究中,我们提取了有关使用这些服务的意愿的信息，使用毒品的人和其他利益相关者的观点，和实施建议。8项研究（20%）评估包括SCS的吸入，从中提取相关结果的数据。数据采用叙述性综合和描述性统计分析。
我们发现，在使用药物的人中，使用SCS的意愿很高，包括吸入，尤其是那些经历结构脆弱性的人。研究强调需要实施药物吸入的社会性质，并限制与被动吸入相关的潜在职业危害。与SCS内吸入相关的积极结果包括改善使用药物的人的健康和安全性以及减少公共药物使用。然而,这一证据主要基于数量有限的混合质量设计研究.
我们的审查证明了，和需要，实施SCS，包括吸入，以及与这种做法相关的一些潜在的积极结果。然而,对包括吸入以及其他形式的非注射药物使用进行更全面和系统的评估(例如，口服,鼻内,直肠)应在SCS内进行。
