Abstract：
Enteric fever (EF) is an infection caused by the bacteria called Salmonella Typhi or Paratyphi. Infection is acquired through swallowing contaminated food or water. Most EF in England occurs in people returning from South Asia and other places where EF is common; catching EF in England is rare. The main symptom is fever, but stomach pain, diarrhoea, muscle aches, rash and other symptoms may occur. EF is diagnosed by culturing the bacteria from blood and/or stool in a microbiology laboratory. EF usually responds well to antibiotic treatment. Depending on how unwell the individual is, antibiotics may be administered by mouth or by injection. Over the past several years, there has been an overall increase in resistance to antibiotics used to treat enteric fever, in all endemic areas. Additionally, since 2016, there has been an ongoing outbreak of drug-resistant EF in Pakistan. This infection is called extensively drug-resistant, or XDR, EF and only responds to a limited number of antibiotics. Occasionally individuals develop complications of EF including confusion, bleeding, a hole in the gut or an infection of the bones or elsewhere. Some people may continue to carry the bacteria in their stool for a longtime following treatment for the initial illness. These people may need treatment with a longer course of antibiotics to eradicate infection. Travellers can reduce their risk of acquiring EF by following safe food and water practices and by receiving the vaccine at least a few weeks before travel. These guidelines aim to help doctors do the correct tests and treat patients for enteric fever in England but may also be useful to doctors and public health professionals in other similar countries.
摘要：
肠热（EF）是由伤寒沙门氏菌或副伤寒细菌引起的感染。感染是通过吞咽受污染的食物或水获得的。英格兰的大多数EF都发生在从南亚和EF常见的其他地方返回的人中；在英格兰很少见到EF。主要症状是发烧，但胃痛,腹泻,肌肉疼痛,可能出现皮疹等症状。通过在微生物学实验室中培养来自血液和/或粪便的细菌来诊断EF。EF通常对抗生素治疗反应良好。根据个人的不适程度，抗生素可以通过口服或注射给药。在过去的几年里，对用于治疗肠道热的抗生素的耐药性总体上有所增加，在所有流行地区。此外,自2016年以来，巴基斯坦一直在爆发耐药EF。这种感染被称为广泛耐药，或XDR，EF和仅对有限数量的抗生素有反应。偶尔会出现EF并发症，包括混乱，出血,肠上的洞或骨头或其他地方的感染。有些人可能会在最初的疾病治疗后长时间继续在粪便中携带细菌。这些人可能需要更长疗程的抗生素治疗以根除感染。旅行者可以通过遵循安全的食品和水习惯以及在旅行前至少几周接种疫苗来降低获得EF的风险。这些指南旨在帮助英国的医生进行正确的检查和治疗肠热患者，但也可能对其他类似国家的医生和公共卫生专业人员有用。
