Abstract：
Flower visitors use different parts of the landscape through the plants they visit, however these connections vary within and among land uses. Identifying which flower-visiting insects are carrying pollen, and from where in the landscape, can elucidate key pollen-insect interactions and identify the most important sites for maintaining community-level interactions across land uses. We developed a bipartite meta-network, linking pollen-insect interactions with the sites they occur in. We used this to identify which land-use types at the site- and landscape-scale (within 500 m of a site) are most important for conserving pollen-insect interactions. We compared pollen-insect interactions across four different land uses (remnant native forest, avocado orchard, dairy farm, rotational potato crop) within a mosaic agricultural landscape. We sampled insects using flight intercept traps, identified pollen carried on their bodies and quantified distinct pollen-insect interactions that were highly specialized to both natural and modified land uses. We found that sites in crops and dairy farms had higher richness of pollen-insect interactions and higher interaction strength than small forest patches and orchards. Further, many interactions involved pollinator groups such as flies, wasps, and beetles that are often under-represented in pollen-insect network studies, but were often connector species in our networks. These insect groups require greater attention to enable wholistic pollinator community conservation. Pollen samples were dominated by grass (Poaceae) pollen, indicating anemophilous plant species may provide important food resources for pollinators, particularly in modified land uses. Field-scale land use (within 100 m of a site) better predicted pollen-insect interaction richness, uniqueness, and strength than landscape-scale. Thus, management focused at smaller scales may provide more tractable outcomes for conserving or restoring pollen-insect interactions in modified landscapes. For instance, actions aimed at linking high-richness sites with those containing unique (i.e., rare) interactions by enhancing floral corridors along field boundaries and between different land uses may best aid interaction diversity and connectance. The ability to map interactions across sites using a meta-network approach is practical and can inform land-use planning, whereby conservation efforts can be targeted toward areas that host key interactions between plant and pollinator species.
摘要：
花卉游客通过他们参观的植物使用景观的不同部分，然而，这些联系在土地利用内部和土地利用之间有所不同。确定哪些访花昆虫携带花粉，从风景中的哪里，可以阐明关键的花粉-昆虫相互作用，并确定在土地利用中维持社区级相互作用的最重要地点。我们开发了一个二分元网络，将花粉-昆虫相互作用与它们发生的部位联系起来。我们使用此方法来确定站点和景观尺度（站点500m以内）的土地利用类型对于保护花粉与昆虫的相互作用最重要。我们比较了四种不同土地利用的花粉-昆虫相互作用(剩余的原生森林，鳄梨果园,奶牛场,轮作马铃薯作物）在马赛克农业景观中。我们使用飞行拦截陷阱对昆虫进行采样，确定了花粉在其身体上携带，并量化了独特的花粉-昆虫相互作用，这些相互作用高度针对自然和改良的土地利用。我们发现，与小型森林斑块和果园相比，农作物和奶牛场的花粉-昆虫相互作用的丰富度和相互作用强度更高。Further,许多相互作用涉及传粉者群体，如苍蝇，黄蜂,和在花粉-昆虫网络研究中通常代表性不足的甲虫，但通常是我们网络中的连接器物种。这些昆虫群体需要更多的关注，以实现整体传粉者群落保护。花粉样品以草（禾本科）花粉为主，表明嗜水植物物种可能为传粉者提供重要的食物资源，特别是在改良的土地用途方面。田间尺度的土地利用（在站点100m内）更好地预测了花粉-昆虫相互作用的丰富度，独特性,和强度比景观尺度。因此，专注于较小规模的管理可能会为保护或恢复改良景观中的花粉-昆虫相互作用提供更易于处理的结果。例如,旨在将高丰富度网站与包含独特网站(即，罕见）通过增强沿田野边界和不同土地利用之间的花卉走廊来进行相互作用，可能最好地有助于相互作用的多样性和连通性。使用元网络方法绘制跨站点交互的能力是实用的，可以为土地利用规划提供信息，因此，保护工作可以针对植物和传粉者物种之间关键相互作用的地区。
