Abstract：
Diet is an important exposure pathway of phthalate esters (PAEs) for humans. A total of 174 food samples covering 11 food groups were collected from Xi\'an, a typical valley city in Northwest China, and analyzed to assess the occurrence and exposure risks for PAEs in the food. Twenty-two PAEs were detected. The sum of the 22 PAEs (∑22PAEs) varied between 0.0340 and 56.8 µg/g, with a mean of 3.94 µg/g. The major PAEs were di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP), which were associated mainly with the usage of plasticizers. Bio-availability of the PAEs in the combined gastro-intestinal fluid simulant of digestion was higher than that in the single gastric or intestinal fluid simulant. Bis(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate exhibited the highest bio-availability in each of the three simulants. Bio-availability of the PAEs was negatively correlated with the molecular weight and octanol-water partition coefficient of the PAEs and positively correlated with the solubility and vapor pressure of the PAEs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of PAEs based on national and municipal food consumption data was lower than the reference dose (RfD) of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the tolerable dairy intake (TDI) of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), except for the EDI of DnBP and DiBP being higher than the TDI of EFSA. Grains and vegetables were the major sources of human dietary exposure to PAEs. The hazardous quotient for human dietary exposure to PAEs was less than the critical value of 1 and the cancer risk of butyl benzyl phthalate and DEHP was in the range of 10-11-10-6, suggesting relatively low health risks. The results indicated that human exposure to DnBP, DiBP, DEHP, DiNP, and DiDP in food is considerable and a health concern.
摘要：
饮食是邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）对人类的重要暴露途径。从西安收集了涵盖11个食物组的174个食物样本，中国西北地区典型的山谷城市，并分析评估食品中PAEs的发生和暴露风险。检测到22例PAEs。22个PAEs的总和（∑22PAEs）在0.0340和56.8µg/g之间变化，平均值为3.94微克/克。主要的PAEs是邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)，邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP），邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)，邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DiNP)，和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(DiDP)，这主要与增塑剂的使用有关。合并的消化胃肠液模拟物中PAEs的生物利用度高于单一的胃或肠液模拟物中PAEs的生物利用度。在三种模拟物中，双（2-甲氧基乙基）邻苯二甲酸酯均表现出最高的生物利用度。PAEs的生物利用度与PAEs的分子量和辛醇-水分配系数呈负相关，与PAEs的溶解度和蒸汽压呈正相关。根据国家和城市食品消费数据估算的PAEs每日摄入量（EDI）低于美国环境保护局的参考剂量（RfD）和欧洲食品安全局（EFSA）的可容忍乳制品摄入量（TDI）。除了DnBP和DiBP的EDI高于EFSA的TDI。谷物和蔬菜是人类膳食暴露于PAEs的主要来源。人类饮食暴露于PAEs的危险商数小于临界值1，邻苯二甲酸丁酯苄酯和DEHP的癌症风险在10-11-10-6的范围内，表明相对较低的健康风险。结果表明，人类暴露于DnBP，DiBP,DEHP,DiNP,食品中的DiDP是相当大的，也是一个健康问题。
