Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: The arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred vascular access for End Stage Renal Disease, having superior patency and lower infection risks than prosthetic graft and catheter access. When AVF dysfunction or delayed maturation does occur, the gold standard for diagnosis is the fistula angiogram (a.k.a. fistulogram). 3D ultrasound is available for obstetrical and other specialized uses, but it is cost prohibitive and has a field of view that is too small to cover the region of interest for the dialysis fistula application. We sought to develop a point of care 3D solution using freehand 2D ultrasound data acquisition.
UNASSIGNED: We developed open-source software for 3D image reconstruction and projection of an angiogram-like image of the vascular access using a 2D freehand ultrasound scanner. We evaluated this software by comparing the ultrasound \"sono-angiogram\" images to fistulogram images in five subjects, using visual inspection and by applying the Percent of Exact Match (PEM) as a statistic test.
UNASSIGNED: The sono-angiograms showed identifiable characteristics that matched the fistulogram results in all five subjects. The PEM ranged between 42.8% and 77.0%, with Doppler and grayscale ultrasound data, showing complementary advantages and disadvantages when used for sono-angiogram image construction. Motion from freehand ultrasound acquisition was a significant source of mismatch. 3D image generation is a potential advantage with ultrasound data.
UNASSIGNED: While further work is needed to improve the accuracy with free hand scanning, fistulogram-like \"sono-angiograms\" can be generated using point of care 2D ultrasound. Methods such as these may be able to assist in point-of-care diagnosis in the future. The software is open-source, and importantly, the ultrasound data used are non-proprietary and available from any standard ultrasound machine. The simplicity and accessibility of this approach warrant further study.
UNASSIGNED: We developed open-source software for 3D image reconstruction and projection of an angiogram-like image of the vascular access using a 2D freehand ultrasound scanner. We evaluated this software by comparing the ultrasound \"sono-angiogram\" images to fistulogram images in five subjects, using visual inspection and by applying the Percent of Exact Match (PEM) as a statistic test.
UNASSIGNED: The sono-angiograms showed identifiable characteristics that matched the fistulogram results in all five subjects. The PEM ranged between 42.8% and 77.0%, with Doppler and grayscale ultrasound data, showing complementary advantages and disadvantages when used for sono-angiogram image construction. Motion from freehand ultrasound acquisition was a significant source of mismatch. 3D image generation is a potential advantage with ultrasound data.
UNASSIGNED: While further work is needed to improve the accuracy with free hand scanning, fistulogram-like \"sono-angiograms\" can be generated using point of care 2D ultrasound. Methods such as these may be able to assist in point-of-care diagnosis in the future. The software is open-source, and importantly, the ultrasound data used are non-proprietary and available from any standard ultrasound machine. The simplicity and accessibility of this approach warrant further study.
摘要：
■动静脉瘘（AVF）是终末期肾病的首选血管通路，与假体移植物和导管通路相比，具有更好的通畅性和更低的感染风险。当AVF功能障碍或成熟延迟发生时，诊断的金标准是瘘管血管造影（也称为瘘管造影）。3D超声可用于产科和其他专门用途，但其成本过高,并且视野太小而不能覆盖透析瘘应用的感兴趣区域。我们试图开发一种使用徒手2D超声数据采集的3D护理解决方案。
■我们开发了开源软件，用于使用2D徒手超声扫描仪对血管通路的血管造影样图像进行3D图像重建和投影。我们通过比较五个受试者的超声“超声血管造影”图像与血管造影图像来评估该软件，使用目视检查并应用精确匹配百分比(PEM)作为统计检验。
■超声血管造影显示出可识别的特征，与所有五名受试者的血管造影结果相匹配。PEM介于42.8%和77.0%之间,多普勒和灰度超声数据，当用于超声血管造影图像构建时，显示出互补的优点和缺点。徒手超声采集的运动是不匹配的重要原因。3D图像生成是超声数据的潜在优势。
■虽然需要进一步的工作来提高自由手扫描的准确性，可以使用护理点2D超声生成类似血管造影图的“超声血管造影”。诸如此类的方法可能能够在将来帮助即时诊断。该软件是开源的，而且重要的是,使用的超声数据是非专有的，可从任何标准超声机获得。这种方法的简单性和可及性值得进一步研究。
■我们开发了开源软件，用于使用2D徒手超声扫描仪对血管通路的血管造影样图像进行3D图像重建和投影。我们通过比较五个受试者的超声“超声血管造影”图像与血管造影图像来评估该软件，使用目视检查并应用精确匹配百分比(PEM)作为统计检验。
■超声血管造影显示出可识别的特征，与所有五名受试者的血管造影结果相匹配。PEM介于42.8%和77.0%之间,多普勒和灰度超声数据，当用于超声血管造影图像构建时，显示出互补的优点和缺点。徒手超声采集的运动是不匹配的重要原因。3D图像生成是超声数据的潜在优势。
■虽然需要进一步的工作来提高自由手扫描的准确性，可以使用护理点2D超声生成类似血管造影图的“超声血管造影”。诸如此类的方法可能能够在将来帮助即时诊断。该软件是开源的，而且重要的是,使用的超声数据是非专有的，可从任何标准超声机获得。这种方法的简单性和可及性值得进一步研究。
