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Abstract：
The fabrication of 3D scaffolds is under wide investigation in tissue engineering (TE) because of its incessant development of new advanced technologies and the improvement of traditional processes. Currently, scientific and clinical research focuses on scaffold characterization to restore the function of missing or damaged tissues. A key for suitable scaffold production is the guarantee of an interconnected porous structure that allows the cells to grow as in native tissue. The fabrication techniques should meet the appropriate requirements, including feasible reproducibility and time- and cost-effective assets. This is necessary for easy processability, which is associated with the large range of biomaterials supporting the use of fabrication technologies. This paper presents a review of scaffold fabrication methods starting from polymer solutions that provide highly porous structures under controlled process parameters. In this review, general information of solution-based technologies, including freeze-drying, thermally or diffusion induced phase separation (TIPS or DIPS), and electrospinning, are presented, along with an overview of their technological strategies and applications. Furthermore, the differences in the fabricated constructs in terms of pore size and distribution, porosity, morphology, and mechanical and biological properties, are clarified and critically reviewed. Then, the combination of these techniques for obtaining scaffolds is described, offering the advantages of mimicking the unique architecture of tissues and organs that are intrinsically difficult to design.
摘要：
3D支架的制造由于其不断开发新的先进技术和传统工艺的改进，在组织工程（TE）中正在进行广泛的研究。目前,科学和临床研究侧重于支架表征，以恢复缺失或受损组织的功能。合适的支架生产的关键是保证允许细胞在天然组织中生长的互连多孔结构。制造技术应满足适当的要求，包括可行的可重复性以及具有时间和成本效益的资产。这是容易加工所必需的，这与支持使用制造技术的大量生物材料有关。本文介绍了从聚合物溶液开始的支架制造方法的综述，该聚合物溶液在受控的工艺参数下提供了高度多孔的结构。在这次审查中,基于解决方案的技术的一般信息，包括冷冻干燥,热或扩散诱导的相分离（TIPS或DIPS），和静电纺丝，被呈现，以及他们的技术策略和应用的概述。此外，制造结构在孔径和分布方面的差异，孔隙度,形态学,以及机械和生物学特性，澄清和严格审查。然后，描述了获得支架的这些技术的组合，提供了模仿组织和器官的独特结构的优势，这些结构本质上是难以设计的。
