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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The idea to use smartphone for fundus photography was put forward in 2010. Over the last decade, there has been a dramatic development in this field. This narrative review focuses on the principle of smartphone fundus photography, how to master this technique, problems encountered by the beginners, camera applications/devices designed for this purpose and the safety profile of smartphone flashlights for retinal photoreceptors.
CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone fundus photography using a condensing lens is based on the same principle as indirect ophthalmoscopy. Smartphone flashlight serves the purpose of light source or illuminating system. Real and inverted image of the retina is focused by the smartphone camera after adjustment of the filming distance. Beginners can face difficulties like adjustment of the filming distance, glare from condensing lens and reflection from the ceiling lights. Mobile camera applications and holding devices designed for this purpose can help the beginners to address these difficulties. There have been safety concerns about photo-biological risk for retinal photoreceptors by flashlight. Although the spectral irradiance on the retina, while using smartphone for fundus imaging is within the safety limits set by ISO 15004-2.2. The safety profile of latest model flashlights which deliver more power compared to older flashlights, need to be assessed.
CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone fundus photography is a cheap, cost effective, portable and a convenient method for retinal imaging. With practice and use of smartphone camera applications designed for this purpose, the beginners can master this technique. By training young ophthalmology residents and ophthalmic primary caretakers, this retinal imaging technique can be utilized for artificial intelligence, patient diagnostic and educational purposes.
CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone fundus photography using a condensing lens is based on the same principle as indirect ophthalmoscopy. Smartphone flashlight serves the purpose of light source or illuminating system. Real and inverted image of the retina is focused by the smartphone camera after adjustment of the filming distance. Beginners can face difficulties like adjustment of the filming distance, glare from condensing lens and reflection from the ceiling lights. Mobile camera applications and holding devices designed for this purpose can help the beginners to address these difficulties. There have been safety concerns about photo-biological risk for retinal photoreceptors by flashlight. Although the spectral irradiance on the retina, while using smartphone for fundus imaging is within the safety limits set by ISO 15004-2.2. The safety profile of latest model flashlights which deliver more power compared to older flashlights, need to be assessed.
CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone fundus photography is a cheap, cost effective, portable and a convenient method for retinal imaging. With practice and use of smartphone camera applications designed for this purpose, the beginners can master this technique. By training young ophthalmology residents and ophthalmic primary caretakers, this retinal imaging technique can be utilized for artificial intelligence, patient diagnostic and educational purposes.
摘要：
背景：2010年提出了使用智能手机进行眼底摄影的想法。在过去的十年里，这个领域有了戏剧性的发展。这篇叙事综述集中在智能手机眼底摄影的原理，如何掌握这项技术，初学者遇到的问题,为此目的设计的相机应用/设备以及用于视网膜感光体的智能手机手电筒的安全性。
结论：使用聚光透镜的智能手机眼底照相基于与间接检眼镜相同的原理。智能手机手电筒用于光源或照明系统的目的。在调整拍摄距离后，智能手机相机将聚焦视网膜的真实和倒置图像。初学者可能会面临诸如调整拍摄距离之类的困难，聚光透镜的眩光和天花板灯的反射。为此目的设计的移动相机应用和保持设备可以帮助初学者解决这些困难。通过手电筒对视网膜光感受器的光生物学风险存在安全性问题。虽然视网膜上的光谱辐照度，而使用智能手机进行眼底成像在ISO15004-2.2设定的安全限制内。最新型号手电筒的安全概况，与旧手电筒相比，提供更多的功率，需要评估。
结论：智能手机眼底摄影是一种廉价的，成本有效，便携式和方便的视网膜成像方法。通过实践和使用为此目的设计的智能手机相机应用程序，初学者可以掌握这种技巧。通过培训年轻的眼科住院医师和眼科初级看护人员，这种视网膜成像技术可以用于人工智能，患者诊断和教育目的。
结论：使用聚光透镜的智能手机眼底照相基于与间接检眼镜相同的原理。智能手机手电筒用于光源或照明系统的目的。在调整拍摄距离后，智能手机相机将聚焦视网膜的真实和倒置图像。初学者可能会面临诸如调整拍摄距离之类的困难，聚光透镜的眩光和天花板灯的反射。为此目的设计的移动相机应用和保持设备可以帮助初学者解决这些困难。通过手电筒对视网膜光感受器的光生物学风险存在安全性问题。虽然视网膜上的光谱辐照度，而使用智能手机进行眼底成像在ISO15004-2.2设定的安全限制内。最新型号手电筒的安全概况，与旧手电筒相比，提供更多的功率，需要评估。
结论：智能手机眼底摄影是一种廉价的，成本有效，便携式和方便的视网膜成像方法。通过实践和使用为此目的设计的智能手机相机应用程序，初学者可以掌握这种技巧。通过培训年轻的眼科住院医师和眼科初级看护人员，这种视网膜成像技术可以用于人工智能，患者诊断和教育目的。
