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Abstract：
Multi-modal neuroimaging projects such as the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and UK Biobank are advancing our understanding of human brain architecture, function, connectivity, and their variability across individuals using high-quality non-invasive data from many subjects. Such efforts depend upon the accuracy of non-invasive brain imaging measures. However, \'ground truth\' validation of connectivity using invasive tracers is not feasible in humans. Studies using nonhuman primates (NHPs) enable comparisons between invasive and non-invasive measures, including exploration of how \"functional connectivity\" from fMRI and \"tractographic connectivity\" from diffusion MRI compare with long-distance connections measured using tract tracing. Our NonHuman Primate Neuroimaging & Neuroanatomy Project (NHP_NNP) is an international effort (6 laboratories in 5 countries) to: (i) acquire and analyze high-quality multi-modal brain imaging data of macaque and marmoset monkeys using protocols and methods adapted from the HCP; (ii) acquire quantitative invasive tract-tracing data for cortical and subcortical projections to cortical areas; and (iii) map the distributions of different brain cell types with immunocytochemical stains to better define brain areal boundaries. We are acquiring high-resolution structural, functional, and diffusion MRI data together with behavioral measures from over 100 individual macaques and marmosets in order to generate non-invasive measures of brain architecture such as myelin and cortical thickness maps, as well as functional and diffusion tractography-based connectomes. We are using classical and next-generation anatomical tracers to generate quantitative connectivity maps based on brain-wide counting of labeled cortical and subcortical neurons, providing ground truth measures of connectivity. Advanced statistical modeling techniques address the consistency of both kinds of data across individuals, allowing comparison of tracer-based and non-invasive MRI-based connectivity measures. We aim to develop improved cortical and subcortical areal atlases by combining histological and imaging methods. Finally, we are collecting genetic and sociality-associated behavioral data in all animals in an effort to understand how genetic variation shapes the connectome and behavior.
摘要：
诸如人类连接体项目（HCP）和英国生物库之类的多模式神经成像项目正在推进我们对人类大脑结构的理解。函数,连通性,使用来自许多受试者的高质量非侵入性数据，以及它们在个体之间的变异性。这种努力取决于非侵入性脑成像测量的准确性。然而,使用侵入性示踪剂对连通性进行“地面实况”验证在人类中是不可行的。使用非人灵长类动物（NHP）的研究能够比较侵入性和非侵入性措施，包括探索功能磁共振成像中的“功能连接”和扩散磁共振成像中的“纤维束连接”如何与使用管道追踪测量的长距离连接进行比较。我们的非人类灵长类动物神经影像学和神经解剖学项目（NHP_NNP）是一项国际努力（5个国家的6个实验室），目的是：（i）使用适应于HCP的方案和方法来获取和分析猕猴和and猴的高质量多模态脑成像数据；（ii）获取皮质和皮质下皮质区域投射的定量侵入性道追踪数据；（iii）通过免疫细胞化学标记来定义不同脑细胞类型的分布我们正在获得高分辨率结构，功能，和扩散MRI数据以及100多只猕猴和猕猴的行为测量，以生成非侵入性的大脑结构测量，如髓鞘和皮质厚度图，以及基于功能和扩散纤维束成像的连接体。我们正在使用经典和下一代解剖示踪剂，根据标记的皮质和皮质下神经元的全脑计数来生成定量连接图，提供连通性的地面实况度量。先进的统计建模技术解决了两种数据在个体之间的一致性，允许比较基于示踪剂和基于非侵入性MRI的连通性测量。我们的目标是通过结合组织学和影像学方法来开发改进的皮质和皮质下区域图谱。最后,我们正在收集所有动物的遗传和社会相关行为数据，以努力了解遗传变异如何塑造连接体和行为。
