PDF(Sci-hub)
Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Recent research has uncovered the potential for excess manganese (Mn) intakes causing significant neurotoxic effects for early brain development.
METHODS: We identified the Mn tolerable intakes (TI) published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM), World Health Organization (WHO), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and examined the primary studies on which regulatory TIs are based. We converted the TIs to μg of Mn/kg/day using standard assumptions specific to each agency. We estimated μg of Mn/kg/day intakes due to formulas. Using our estimates for formula intakes, weights, and kcal content, we converted regulatory maxima and minima from μg of Mn/100 kcals to estimates of μg of Mn/kg/day.
RESULTS: Except for the proposed ANSES TI for drinking water, none of the primary studies on which Mn intake guidelines and regulations are based measured health outcomes. Some infant formulas may exceed the regulatory TIs, especially if prepared with water containing considerable concentrations of Mn (e.g. 250 μg/L), even while meeting national and international regulatory standards or guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS: Infant formula regulations must be revised to reduce the potential for excess manganese intakes and the practice of manganese supplementation of infant formulas should be ceased.
METHODS: We identified the Mn tolerable intakes (TI) published by the U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM), World Health Organization (WHO), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire (ANSES), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and examined the primary studies on which regulatory TIs are based. We converted the TIs to μg of Mn/kg/day using standard assumptions specific to each agency. We estimated μg of Mn/kg/day intakes due to formulas. Using our estimates for formula intakes, weights, and kcal content, we converted regulatory maxima and minima from μg of Mn/100 kcals to estimates of μg of Mn/kg/day.
RESULTS: Except for the proposed ANSES TI for drinking water, none of the primary studies on which Mn intake guidelines and regulations are based measured health outcomes. Some infant formulas may exceed the regulatory TIs, especially if prepared with water containing considerable concentrations of Mn (e.g. 250 μg/L), even while meeting national and international regulatory standards or guidelines.
CONCLUSIONS: Infant formula regulations must be revised to reduce the potential for excess manganese intakes and the practice of manganese supplementation of infant formulas should be ceased.
摘要：
背景：最近的研究揭示了过量锰（Mn）摄入对早期大脑发育造成显著神经毒性作用的可能性。
方法：我们确定了美国医学研究所（IOM）发布的Mn耐受摄入量（TI），世界卫生组织(世卫组织)国家安全卫生机构(ANSES)，和美国环境保护署(USEPA)，并审查了监管TI所基于的主要研究。我们使用特定于每个机构的标准假设将TI转换为μgMn/kg/天。根据配方，我们估计了锰/千克/天的摄入量。使用我们对公式摄入量的估计，重量,和大卡含量，我们将调节最大值和最小值从μg的Mn/100kcals转换为μg的Mn/kg/天的估计值。
结果：除了拟议的饮用水ANSESTI外，锰摄入指南和法规基于测量的健康结果的主要研究都没有。一些婴儿配方奶粉可能超过监管TI，特别是如果用含有相当浓度的Mn（例如250μg/L）的水制备，即使满足国家和国际监管标准或准则。
结论：必须修订婴儿配方奶粉法规，以减少锰过量摄入的可能性，并应停止婴儿配方奶粉补充锰的做法。
方法：我们确定了美国医学研究所（IOM）发布的Mn耐受摄入量（TI），世界卫生组织(世卫组织)国家安全卫生机构(ANSES)，和美国环境保护署(USEPA)，并审查了监管TI所基于的主要研究。我们使用特定于每个机构的标准假设将TI转换为μgMn/kg/天。根据配方，我们估计了锰/千克/天的摄入量。使用我们对公式摄入量的估计，重量,和大卡含量，我们将调节最大值和最小值从μg的Mn/100kcals转换为μg的Mn/kg/天的估计值。
结果：除了拟议的饮用水ANSESTI外，锰摄入指南和法规基于测量的健康结果的主要研究都没有。一些婴儿配方奶粉可能超过监管TI，特别是如果用含有相当浓度的Mn（例如250μg/L）的水制备，即使满足国家和国际监管标准或准则。
结论：必须修订婴儿配方奶粉法规，以减少锰过量摄入的可能性，并应停止婴儿配方奶粉补充锰的做法。
