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Abstract：
Citrinin (CIT) is a polyketide mycotoxin occurring in a variety of food and feedstuff, among which cereal grains are the most important contaminated source. Pigs and poultry are important livestock animals frequently exposed to mycotoxins, including CIT. Concerns are rising related to the toxic, and especially the potential nephrotoxic, properties of CIT. The purpose of this study was to clarify the histopathological effects on kidneys, liver, jejunum and duodenum of pigs, broiler chickens and laying hens receiving CIT contaminated feed. During 3 weeks, pigs (n = 16) were exposed to feed containing 1 mg CIT/kg feed or to control feed (n = 4), while 2 groups of broiler chickens and laying hens (n = 8 per group) received 0.1 mg CIT/kg feed (lower dose group) and 3 or 3.5 mg CIT/kg feed (higher dose group), respectively, or control feed (n = 4). CIT concentrations were quantified in plasma, kidneys, liver, muscle and eggs using a validated ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method. Kidneys, liver, duodenum and jejunum were evaluated histologically using light microscopy, while the kidneys were further examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Histopathology did not reveal major abnormalities at the given contamination levels. However, a significant increase of swollen and degenerated mitochondria in renal cortical cells from all test groups were observed (p < 0.05). These observations could be related to oxidative stress, which is the major mechanism of CIT toxicity. Residues of CIT were detected in all collected tissues, except for muscle and egg white from layers in the lowest dose group, and egg white from layers in the highest dose group. CIT concentrations in plasma ranged between 0.1 (laying hens in lower dose group) and 20.8 ng/mL (pigs). In tissues, CIT concentrations ranged from 0.6 (muscle) to 20.3 µg/kg (liver) in pigs, while concentrations in chickens ranged from 0.1 (muscle) to 70.2 µg/kg (liver). Carry-over ratios from feed to edible tissues were between 0.1 and 2% in pigs, and between 0.1 and 6.9% in chickens, suggesting a low contribution of pig and poultry tissue-derived products towards the total dietary CIT intake for humans.
摘要：
柑橘素（CIT）是一种聚酮真菌毒素，存在于各种食品和饲料中，其中谷物是最重要的污染源。猪和家禽是经常接触霉菌毒素的重要家畜动物，包括CIT.与有毒物质有关的担忧正在上升，尤其是潜在的肾毒性，CIT的属性这项研究的目的是阐明对肾脏的组织病理学影响，肝脏,猪的空肠和十二指肠，接受CIT污染饲料的肉鸡和蛋鸡。在3周内,猪（n=16）暴露于含有1mgCIT/kg饲料或对照饲料（n=4），而2组肉鸡和蛋鸡（每组n=8）接受0.1mgCIT/kg饲料（低剂量组）和3或3.5mgCIT/kg饲料（高剂量组），分别,或对照饲料（n=4）。血浆中CIT浓度定量，肾脏，肝脏,使用经过验证的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UHPLC-MS/MS）方法。肾脏,肝脏,十二指肠和空肠使用光学显微镜进行组织学评估，同时使用透射电子显微镜（TEM）进一步检查肾脏。在给定的污染水平下，组织病理学未发现重大异常。然而,观察到所有试验组的肾皮质细胞中线粒体肿胀和变性的显著增加（p<0.05）。这些观察可能与氧化应激有关，这是CIT毒性的主要机制。在所有收集的组织中检测到CIT的残留，除了最低剂量组的肌肉和蛋清，和最高剂量组的蛋清。血浆中的CIT浓度介于0.1（较低剂量组的蛋鸡）和20.8ng/mL（猪）之间。在组织中，猪的CIT浓度范围为0.6（肌肉）至20.3µg/kg（肝脏），而鸡中的浓度范围从0.1（肌肉）到70.2µg/kg（肝脏）。猪从饲料到可食用组织的结转比率在0.1％到2％之间，鸡只占0.1%至6.9%，提示猪和家禽组织衍生产品对人类总饮食T摄入量的贡献较低。
