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Abstract：
The United States (US) and Canada are in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic. Many people who use illicit drugs (PWUD) do not call an emergency number 911 at the scene of an overdose due to fear of arrest. In the US and Canada, when an individual calls 911, both emergency medical services (EMS) and police are notified to attend the overdose event. In response, many settings in North America have introduced drug-related \'Good Samaritan\' laws (GSLs) that aim to encourage PWUD to call 911 by providing legal immunity (mainly protections from drugs possessed for personal use) to those at the scene of the overdose. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these laws in increasing calls to 911.
We conducted a literature review of the published literature between 2005 and 2019 to examine the effectiveness of GSLs. Searches were referenced using keywords that included: \"good samaritan\", \"overdose\", \"emergency services\", and \"drug use\".
Among 68 articles identified, after eligibility screening, 12 publications were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria. These publications were largely quantitative observational studies (9/12), with a minority (3/12) being qualitative in design. Two major themes emerged: \"knowledge of GSLs and calling EMS\" and \"overdose-related hospital admissions and mortality assessment\".
At this time, the current body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of GSLs in increasing calls to EMS and reducing drug-related harms is limited and mixed. Studies show that PWUD have low levels of knowledge regarding GSLs while some evidence suggests their effectiveness in increasing calls to EMS at the scene of an overdose. Given the current overdose crisis, further investigation is warranted to establish the effectiveness of these laws in reducing drug-related harms.
We conducted a literature review of the published literature between 2005 and 2019 to examine the effectiveness of GSLs. Searches were referenced using keywords that included: \"good samaritan\", \"overdose\", \"emergency services\", and \"drug use\".
Among 68 articles identified, after eligibility screening, 12 publications were deemed to meet the inclusion criteria. These publications were largely quantitative observational studies (9/12), with a minority (3/12) being qualitative in design. Two major themes emerged: \"knowledge of GSLs and calling EMS\" and \"overdose-related hospital admissions and mortality assessment\".
At this time, the current body of evidence regarding the effectiveness of GSLs in increasing calls to EMS and reducing drug-related harms is limited and mixed. Studies show that PWUD have low levels of knowledge regarding GSLs while some evidence suggests their effectiveness in increasing calls to EMS at the scene of an overdose. Given the current overdose crisis, further investigation is warranted to establish the effectiveness of these laws in reducing drug-related harms.
摘要：
美国（US）和加拿大正处于阿片类药物过量流行之中。许多使用非法药物（PWUD）的人由于担心被捕而不会在服药过量现场拨打紧急电话911。在美国和加拿大,当个人拨打911时，紧急医疗服务（EMS）和警察都被通知参加过量事件。作为回应,北美的许多环境都引入了与毒品有关的“好撒玛利亚人”法律（GSL），旨在通过向过量现场的人提供法律豁免权（主要是保护个人使用的药物）来鼓励PWUD拨打911。然而,人们对这些法律在增加拨打911电话方面的有效性知之甚少。
我们对2005年至2019年间已发表的文献进行了文献综述，以检查GSL的有效性。使用关键字引用搜索，其中包括：\“好撒玛利亚人\”，\"用药过量\",\"紧急服务\",和“吸毒”。
在确认的68篇文章中，经过资格筛选，12份出版物被认为符合纳入标准。这些出版物主要是定量观察研究(9/12)，少数(3/12)是定性的设计。出现了两个主要主题：“对GSL的了解和呼叫EMS”和“与用药过量相关的住院和死亡率评估”。
此时,目前关于GSL在增加对EMS的呼叫和减少与药物相关的危害方面的有效性的证据是有限且混合的.研究表明，PWUD对GSL的知识水平较低，而一些证据表明它们在过量服用现场增加对EMS的呼叫方面具有有效性。鉴于目前的用药过量危机,需要进一步调查，以确定这些法律在减少与毒品有关的危害方面的有效性。
我们对2005年至2019年间已发表的文献进行了文献综述，以检查GSL的有效性。使用关键字引用搜索，其中包括：\“好撒玛利亚人\”，\"用药过量\",\"紧急服务\",和“吸毒”。
在确认的68篇文章中，经过资格筛选，12份出版物被认为符合纳入标准。这些出版物主要是定量观察研究(9/12)，少数(3/12)是定性的设计。出现了两个主要主题：“对GSL的了解和呼叫EMS”和“与用药过量相关的住院和死亡率评估”。
此时,目前关于GSL在增加对EMS的呼叫和减少与药物相关的危害方面的有效性的证据是有限且混合的.研究表明，PWUD对GSL的知识水平较低，而一些证据表明它们在过量服用现场增加对EMS的呼叫方面具有有效性。鉴于目前的用药过量危机,需要进一步调查，以确定这些法律在减少与毒品有关的危害方面的有效性。
