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Abstract：
Gaze-where one looks, how long, and when-plays an essential part in human social behavior. While many aspects of social gaze have been reviewed, there is no comprehensive review or theoretical framework that describes how gaze to faces supports face-to-face interaction. In this review, I address the following questions: (1) When does gaze need to be allocated to a particular region of a face in order to provide the relevant information for successful interaction; (2) How do humans look at other people, and faces in particular, regardless of whether gaze needs to be directed at a particular region to acquire the relevant visual information; (3) How does gaze support the regulation of interaction? The work reviewed spans psychophysical research, observational research, and eye-tracking research in both lab-based and interactive contexts. Based on the literature overview, I sketch a framework for future research based on dynamic systems theory. The framework holds that gaze should be investigated in relation to sub-states of the interaction, encompassing sub-states of the interactors, the content of the interaction as well as the interactive context. The relevant sub-states for understanding gaze in interaction vary over different timescales from microgenesis to ontogenesis and phylogenesis. The framework has important implications for vision science, psychopathology, developmental science, and social robotics.
摘要：
凝视着——一个人看起来，多久,在人类社会行为中起着至关重要的作用。虽然社会目光的许多方面已经被审查，没有全面的审查或理论框架来描述凝视面部如何支持面对面的互动。在这次审查中,我解决了以下问题：（1）何时需要将凝视分配到面部的特定区域，以便为成功的交互提供相关信息；（2）人类如何看待其他人，特别是面孔，无论注视是否需要指向特定区域以获取相关的视觉信息；（3）注视如何支持相互作用的调节？审查的工作涵盖了心理物理研究，观察性研究,以及基于实验室和交互式环境中的眼动追踪研究。在文献综述的基础上，我基于动态系统理论勾勒出了未来研究的框架。该框架认为，应该研究与交互子状态相关的凝视，包括交互体的子状态，交互的内容以及交互的上下文。从微观发生到本体发生和系统发育，在不同的时间尺度上，理解相互作用中的凝视的相关子状态各不相同。该框架对视觉科学具有重要意义，精神病理学,发展科学,和社交机器人。
