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Abstract：
The positive relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and cognitive performance is mediated, in part, by differences in brain structure in typically developing youth. Associations between brain regions that relate to SES overlap with brain regions known to be sensitive to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Animal models demonstrate that PAE attenuates neural and cognitive benefits of early life enrichment. However, whether or not environmental factors related to SES are associated with brain development in youth affected by PAE remains unknown in humans.
UNASSIGNED: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained in participants with PAE and compared to age- and sex- matched Controls (n = 197, 48% with PAE, 44% girls, 6.5-17.7 years old). General linear modeling was utilized to examine associations between SES and subcortical brain volumes for youth with PAE compared to Controls.
UNASSIGNED: Group by SES interactions were observed within the hippocampus (HPC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral diencephalon (vDC) (corrected p values <0.05), where positive associations (e.g., higher SES related to larger subcortical volumes) were observed within Controls, but not youth with PAE. Post hoc analyses examined associations between SES and brain volumes within each group independently, and revealed widespread positive associations among Controls (Amyg, HPC, NAc, Pallidum, Putamen, vDC), but not youth with PAE. Across both groups, larger subcortical volumes were related to higher cognitive performance.
UNASSIGNED: Typically developing youth exhibit increased subcortical volumes with increased SES, and surprisingly, this relationship is absent in adolescents with PAE. Findings suggest that subcortical brain volumes are neurocognitively relevant in both groups. The present results expand our understanding of the impact of PAE on the developing human brain within varying environmental contexts, and may inform novel environmental interventions that aim to improve, in part, on-going disruptions in brain development among youth with PAE. Our study highlights novel complexities in the pursuit to understand SES-brain associations, as we provide evidence that SES matters for brain outcomes among typically developing youth, and possibly not as much on an already altered brain as a result of PAE.
UNASSIGNED: T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained in participants with PAE and compared to age- and sex- matched Controls (n = 197, 48% with PAE, 44% girls, 6.5-17.7 years old). General linear modeling was utilized to examine associations between SES and subcortical brain volumes for youth with PAE compared to Controls.
UNASSIGNED: Group by SES interactions were observed within the hippocampus (HPC), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral diencephalon (vDC) (corrected p values <0.05), where positive associations (e.g., higher SES related to larger subcortical volumes) were observed within Controls, but not youth with PAE. Post hoc analyses examined associations between SES and brain volumes within each group independently, and revealed widespread positive associations among Controls (Amyg, HPC, NAc, Pallidum, Putamen, vDC), but not youth with PAE. Across both groups, larger subcortical volumes were related to higher cognitive performance.
UNASSIGNED: Typically developing youth exhibit increased subcortical volumes with increased SES, and surprisingly, this relationship is absent in adolescents with PAE. Findings suggest that subcortical brain volumes are neurocognitively relevant in both groups. The present results expand our understanding of the impact of PAE on the developing human brain within varying environmental contexts, and may inform novel environmental interventions that aim to improve, in part, on-going disruptions in brain development among youth with PAE. Our study highlights novel complexities in the pursuit to understand SES-brain associations, as we provide evidence that SES matters for brain outcomes among typically developing youth, and possibly not as much on an already altered brain as a result of PAE.
摘要：
社会经济地位(SES)与认知绩效之间的正相关关系是中介的，在某种程度上,典型的青少年大脑结构的差异。与SES相关的大脑区域之间的关联与已知对产前酒精暴露（PAE）敏感的大脑区域重叠。动物模型证明PAE减弱早期生命富集的神经和认知益处。然而,与SES相关的环境因素是否与受PAE影响的年轻人的大脑发育相关，在人类中仍然未知。
■在患有PAE的参与者中获得T1加权磁共振成像（MRI）扫描，并与年龄和性别匹配的对照进行比较（n=197，PAE的48％，44%的女孩，6.5-17.7岁）。与对照组相比，一般线性模型用于检查PAE青年的SES与皮质下脑体积之间的关联。
■在海马（HPC）内观察到SES相互作用组，伏隔核（NAc）和腹侧间脑（VDC）（校正后p值<0.05），其中正关联(例如，较高的SES与较大的皮层下体积相关)在对照组中观察到，但不是PAE的青春。事后分析独立地检查了每个组内SES和脑容量之间的关联，并揭示了对照组之间广泛的正相关(Amyg，HPC,NAc,Pallidum,普塔门,vDC),但不是PAE的青春。在这两个群体中，较大的皮质下体积与较高的认知表现相关.
■通常发展中的年轻人表现出随着SES增加的皮质下体积增加，令人惊讶的是，这种关系在PAE青少年中不存在。研究结果表明，两组的皮质下脑体积在神经认知上都相关。本研究结果扩展了我们对PAE在不同环境背景下对发育中的人脑的影响的理解。并可能为旨在改善的新型环境干预措施提供信息，在某种程度上,PAE青少年大脑发育的持续中断。我们的研究强调了追求理解SES-大脑关联的新颖复杂性，当我们提供证据表明SES对典型的发育青年的大脑结果很重要时，可能不会像PAE那样对已经改变的大脑造成影响。
■在患有PAE的参与者中获得T1加权磁共振成像（MRI）扫描，并与年龄和性别匹配的对照进行比较（n=197，PAE的48％，44%的女孩，6.5-17.7岁）。与对照组相比，一般线性模型用于检查PAE青年的SES与皮质下脑体积之间的关联。
■在海马（HPC）内观察到SES相互作用组，伏隔核（NAc）和腹侧间脑（VDC）（校正后p值<0.05），其中正关联(例如，较高的SES与较大的皮层下体积相关)在对照组中观察到，但不是PAE的青春。事后分析独立地检查了每个组内SES和脑容量之间的关联，并揭示了对照组之间广泛的正相关(Amyg，HPC,NAc,Pallidum,普塔门,vDC),但不是PAE的青春。在这两个群体中，较大的皮质下体积与较高的认知表现相关.
■通常发展中的年轻人表现出随着SES增加的皮质下体积增加，令人惊讶的是，这种关系在PAE青少年中不存在。研究结果表明，两组的皮质下脑体积在神经认知上都相关。本研究结果扩展了我们对PAE在不同环境背景下对发育中的人脑的影响的理解。并可能为旨在改善的新型环境干预措施提供信息，在某种程度上,PAE青少年大脑发育的持续中断。我们的研究强调了追求理解SES-大脑关联的新颖复杂性，当我们提供证据表明SES对典型的发育青年的大脑结果很重要时，可能不会像PAE那样对已经改变的大脑造成影响。
