PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has dramatically changed societies in 2020. Since the end of February, Europe has been hit particularly hard by COVID-19, but there are major country differences in both the spread of the virus and measures taken to stop the virus. Social psychological factors such as institutional trust could be important in understanding the development of the epidemic.
The aim of this study was to examine country variations of COVID-19 mortality in Europe by analyzing social risk factors explaining the spread of the disease, restrictions and control measures, and institutional trust.
The present study was based on a background analysis of European Social Survey data on 25 European countries (N=47,802). Multilevel mixed effects linear regression models focused on 84 days of the COVID-19 epidemic (January 22 to April 14, 2020) and modelled the daily COVID-19 mortality. Analysis focused on the impact of social relations, restrictions, and institutional trust within each country.
The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has been fast everywhere, but the findings revealed significant differences between countries in COVID-19 mortality. Perceived sociability predicted higher COVID-19 mortality. Major differences between the 25 countries were found in reaction times to the crisis. Late reaction to the crisis predicted later mortality figures. Institutional trust was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality.
The analyses demonstrated the importance of societal and social psychological factors in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. By considering multiple perspectives, this study showed that country differences in Europe are major, and this will have an impact on how countries will cope with the ongoing crisis in the following months. The results indicated the importance of timely restrictions and cooperation with people.
The aim of this study was to examine country variations of COVID-19 mortality in Europe by analyzing social risk factors explaining the spread of the disease, restrictions and control measures, and institutional trust.
The present study was based on a background analysis of European Social Survey data on 25 European countries (N=47,802). Multilevel mixed effects linear regression models focused on 84 days of the COVID-19 epidemic (January 22 to April 14, 2020) and modelled the daily COVID-19 mortality. Analysis focused on the impact of social relations, restrictions, and institutional trust within each country.
The spread of the COVID-19 epidemic has been fast everywhere, but the findings revealed significant differences between countries in COVID-19 mortality. Perceived sociability predicted higher COVID-19 mortality. Major differences between the 25 countries were found in reaction times to the crisis. Late reaction to the crisis predicted later mortality figures. Institutional trust was associated with lower COVID-19 mortality.
The analyses demonstrated the importance of societal and social psychological factors in the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. By considering multiple perspectives, this study showed that country differences in Europe are major, and this will have an impact on how countries will cope with the ongoing crisis in the following months. The results indicated the importance of timely restrictions and cooperation with people.
摘要：
冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的爆发在2020年极大地改变了社会。自2月底以来,欧洲受到COVID-19的打击尤其严重，但在病毒传播和为阻止病毒而采取的措施方面都存在重大国家差异。机构信任等社会心理因素对于理解这一流行病的发展可能很重要。
这项研究的目的是通过分析解释疾病传播的社会风险因素，来研究欧洲COVID-19死亡率的国家差异，限制和控制措施，机构信任。
本研究基于对25个欧洲国家（N=47,802）的欧洲社会调查数据的背景分析。多水平混合效应线性回归模型关注COVID-19流行的84天（2020年1月22日至4月14日），并对每日COVID-19死亡率进行建模。分析的重点是社会关系的影响，限制,和每个国家内部的机构信任。
COVID-19疫情在各地迅速蔓延，但研究结果显示，各国之间的COVID-19死亡率存在显著差异。感知的社交能力预示着更高的COVID-19死亡率。这25个国家之间的主要差异在于对危机的反应时间。对危机的后期反应预测了后期的死亡率数字。机构信任与较低的COVID-19死亡率相关。
分析证明了社会和社会心理因素在COVID-19疫情传播中的重要性。通过考虑多个视角，这项研究表明，欧洲的国家差异很大，这将对各国在接下来的几个月中如何应对持续的危机产生影响。结果表明，及时限制和与人合作的重要性。
这项研究的目的是通过分析解释疾病传播的社会风险因素，来研究欧洲COVID-19死亡率的国家差异，限制和控制措施，机构信任。
本研究基于对25个欧洲国家（N=47,802）的欧洲社会调查数据的背景分析。多水平混合效应线性回归模型关注COVID-19流行的84天（2020年1月22日至4月14日），并对每日COVID-19死亡率进行建模。分析的重点是社会关系的影响，限制,和每个国家内部的机构信任。
COVID-19疫情在各地迅速蔓延，但研究结果显示，各国之间的COVID-19死亡率存在显著差异。感知的社交能力预示着更高的COVID-19死亡率。这25个国家之间的主要差异在于对危机的反应时间。对危机的后期反应预测了后期的死亡率数字。机构信任与较低的COVID-19死亡率相关。
分析证明了社会和社会心理因素在COVID-19疫情传播中的重要性。通过考虑多个视角，这项研究表明，欧洲的国家差异很大，这将对各国在接下来的几个月中如何应对持续的危机产生影响。结果表明，及时限制和与人合作的重要性。
