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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Regional differences in gallstone (GS) composition are well documented in the Indian subcontinent. The reasons for the same are unknown. Etiopathogenesis of GS remains elusive despite advances in instrumentation. This was an in-depth analysis of the chemical, structural, and elemental composition of GS with special reference to synchroton studies.
METHODS: We used high-end sensitive analytical complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-XRF), and 2D and 3D synchrotron microtomography (SR-μCT), to study the ultra structure and trace element composition of three major types of GS (cholesterol, mixed, and pigment). SR-XRF quantified the trace elements in GS.
RESULTS: The cholesterol GS (monohydrate and anhydrate) were crystalline, with high calcium content. The pigment GS were amorphous, featureless, black, and fragile, with high calcium bilirubinate and carbonate salts. They had the highest concentration of iron (average 31.50 ppm) and copper (average 92.73 ppm), with bacterial inclusion. The mixed stones had features of both cholesterol and pigment GS with intermediate levels of copper (average 20.8 ppm) and iron (average 17.78 ppm).
CONCLUSIONS: SR-μCT has, for the first time, provided cross-sectional computed imaging delineating the framework of GS and mineral distribution. It provided excellent mapping of cholesterol GS. SR-XRF confirmed that pigment GS had high concentrations of copper and iron with bacterial inclusions, the latter possibly serving as a nidus to the formation of these stones.
METHODS: We used high-end sensitive analytical complementary microscopic and spectroscopic methods techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, synchrotron X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SR-XRF), and 2D and 3D synchrotron microtomography (SR-μCT), to study the ultra structure and trace element composition of three major types of GS (cholesterol, mixed, and pigment). SR-XRF quantified the trace elements in GS.
RESULTS: The cholesterol GS (monohydrate and anhydrate) were crystalline, with high calcium content. The pigment GS were amorphous, featureless, black, and fragile, with high calcium bilirubinate and carbonate salts. They had the highest concentration of iron (average 31.50 ppm) and copper (average 92.73 ppm), with bacterial inclusion. The mixed stones had features of both cholesterol and pigment GS with intermediate levels of copper (average 20.8 ppm) and iron (average 17.78 ppm).
CONCLUSIONS: SR-μCT has, for the first time, provided cross-sectional computed imaging delineating the framework of GS and mineral distribution. It provided excellent mapping of cholesterol GS. SR-XRF confirmed that pigment GS had high concentrations of copper and iron with bacterial inclusions, the latter possibly serving as a nidus to the formation of these stones.
摘要：
目的：在印度次大陆，胆结石（GS）成分的区域差异得到了很好的证明。相同的原因是未知的。尽管仪器取得了进步，但GS的病因仍然难以捉摸。这是对化学物质的深入分析，结构,和GS的元素组成，特别参考synchroton研究。
方法：我们使用高端灵敏的分析互补显微镜和光谱法技术，如X射线衍射，扫描电子显微镜，傅里叶变换红外,同步加速器X射线荧光光谱(SR-XRF),以及2D和3D同步加速器显微断层成像(SR-μCT)，研究三种主要类型的GS(胆固醇，混合,和颜料）。SR-XRF定量了GS中的微量元素。
结果：胆固醇GS（一水合物和无水物）为结晶，含钙量高。颜料GS是无定形的，毫无特色,黑色,和脆弱的，含高钙胆红素和碳酸盐。它们的铁浓度最高（平均31.50ppm）和铜浓度最高（平均92.73ppm），包含细菌。混合结石具有胆固醇和色素GS的特征,具有中间水平的铜(平均20.8ppm)和铁(平均17.78ppm)。
结论：SR-μCT具有，第一次,提供了横截面计算成像，描绘了GS和矿物分布的框架。它提供了胆固醇GS的出色作图。SR-XRF证实，颜料GS具有高浓度的铜和铁与细菌包裹体，后者可能作为一个nidus形成这些石头。
方法：我们使用高端灵敏的分析互补显微镜和光谱法技术，如X射线衍射，扫描电子显微镜，傅里叶变换红外,同步加速器X射线荧光光谱(SR-XRF),以及2D和3D同步加速器显微断层成像(SR-μCT)，研究三种主要类型的GS(胆固醇，混合,和颜料）。SR-XRF定量了GS中的微量元素。
结果：胆固醇GS（一水合物和无水物）为结晶，含钙量高。颜料GS是无定形的，毫无特色,黑色,和脆弱的，含高钙胆红素和碳酸盐。它们的铁浓度最高（平均31.50ppm）和铜浓度最高（平均92.73ppm），包含细菌。混合结石具有胆固醇和色素GS的特征,具有中间水平的铜(平均20.8ppm)和铁(平均17.78ppm)。
结论：SR-μCT具有，第一次,提供了横截面计算成像，描绘了GS和矿物分布的框架。它提供了胆固醇GS的出色作图。SR-XRF证实，颜料GS具有高浓度的铜和铁与细菌包裹体，后者可能作为一个nidus形成这些石头。
