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Abstract：
Most of the foodborne microbial diseases are linked to foods of animal origin such as milk, meat, and poultry. Nowadays, the presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens in foods is becoming an increasingly public health concern worldwide due to the overuse of antimicrobial drugs in animal feed. MDR pathogens can enter the food chain by posing a significant risk to both animals and consumers. MDR pathogens causing infections are untreatable due to their resistance to various antibiotics, primarily cephalosporin and carbapenems and to their extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing capability. In addition, foods of animal origin and food-related environments can be likely vehicles for spreading of multi-drug resistance genes, which accelerates the thriving of global antibiotic resistance. This paper reviews the role of foods of animal origin as a vehicle for MDR pathogens, stressing the contribution of food processes, environments, and storage conditions in dissemination and reduction of antimicrobial resistances (AMRs). Controlling the growth of MDR microorganisms and limiting the transmission/expression of AMR genes in food ecosystems could be an effective mitigation strategy, putting the focus on food processes as a part of the solution for AMR in foods. Bioprotective cultures are also a promising and environmentally friendly technology to reduce the incidence of MDR pathogens, though caution is taken as microbial starters and probiotics can also carry AMR. Finally, applying Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and predictive microbiology, within a Risk Assessment framework, is key to get insight into those mechanisms and conditions along the food chain favoring or reducing AMR.
摘要：
大多数食源性微生物疾病与动物来源的食物有关，如牛奶，肉，和家禽。如今,由于在动物饲料中过度使用抗菌药物,食品中存在多药耐药(MDR)病原体正成为全球范围内日益关注的公共卫生问题.MDR病原体可以通过对动物和消费者构成重大风险而进入食物链。引起感染的MDR病原体由于对各种抗生素的耐药性而无法治愈，主要是头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类及其产生广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）的能力。此外,动物来源的食物和与食物相关的环境可能是传播多药耐药基因的工具，这加速了全球抗生素耐药性的蓬勃发展。本文回顾了动物源性食品作为MDR病原体载体的作用，强调粮食过程的贡献，环境，以及传播和减少抗微生物耐药性(AMR)的储存条件。控制MDR微生物的生长和限制AMR基因在食品生态系统中的传播/表达可能是一种有效的缓解策略。将重点放在食品过程上，作为食品中AMR解决方案的一部分。生物防护培养也是一种有前途的环保技术，可以减少MDR病原体的发生率，尽管谨慎，因为微生物启动剂和益生菌也可以携带AMR。最后,应用全基因组测序（WGS）和预测微生物学，在风险评估框架内，是深入了解食物链中有利于或减少AMR的机制和条件的关键。
