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Abstract：
The international food safety environment is currently in a unique period of reevaluation and change. In an emerging trading environment regulated more according to food safety requirements than nontariff trade protection barriers, food safety risk analysis is pivotal to future Codex activities and implementation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement. Development of guidelines for food safety risk assessment requires determination of scope, internationally agreed definitions, general principles, guidelines tailored for each class of foodborne hazards, and linkages and interactions with risk management and risk communication. Food safety risk assessments need to be soundly based on science, should incorporate the four analytical steps of the risk assessment paradigm, and should be documented in a transparent and readily understandable form. The particular needs of Codex, the WTO, national governments, industry, and consumers need to be taken into account, and this includes identification of the essential linkages between risk assessment and the design of HACCP plans. With respect to chemical hazards in food, a risk assessment approach provides the opportunity to broaden the understanding of acceptable daily intakes, maximum residue levels, and their public health significance. Guidelines for chemicals in foods will inevitably have to address the differences between safety evaluation and a genuine risk assessment approach. With respect to microbiological hazards, the unique problems associated with risk assessment of living organisms in food make it likely that application of guidelines in the medium term will more commonly use qualitative approaches. In the absence of a history of safety evaluation according to a notionally zero risk baseline, as is the case with chemicals, the objective of microbiological risk analysis to reduce microbial risks to \"the minimum which is technologically feasible and practical\" represents a genuine focus for risk assessment. As risk assessment is increasing applied and internationally accepted guidelines become established, decision criteria for risk management arguably present the greatest challenge in establishing and maintaining quantitative SPS measures for food in international trade and judging their equivalence. However, the desire of all interested parties for scientifically justified food safety measures may be tempered according to the ability of the global scientific community to generate the necessary data and the political will to accept food safety programmes in different countries that have equivalent outputs.
摘要：
国际食品安全环境目前正处于一个独特的重新评估和变化时期。在新兴的贸易环境中，比非关税贸易保护壁垒更多地根据食品安全要求进行监管，食品安全风险分析对于未来的食典活动和世界贸易组织(WTO)卫生和植物检疫(SPS)协定的实施至关重要。制定食品安全风险评估准则需要确定范围,国际商定的定义，一般原则,为每一类食源性危害量身定制的指南，以及与风险管理和风险沟通的联系和互动。食品安全风险评估需要以科学为基础，应纳入风险评估范式的四个分析步骤，并应以透明和易于理解的形式记录。食典的特殊需要，世贸组织,国家政府,工业,需要考虑到消费者，这包括识别风险评估和HACCP计划设计之间的基本联系。关于食品中的化学危害，风险评估方法提供了扩大对可接受的每日摄入量的理解的机会，最大残留量,以及它们的公共卫生意义。食品中的化学品指南将不可避免地必须解决安全评估和真正的风险评估方法之间的差异。关于微生物危害，与食品中生物体风险评估相关的独特问题使得中期指南的应用可能更常用定性方法。在没有根据理论上为零的风险基线进行安全评估的历史的情况下，就像化学品一样，微生物风险分析的目标是将微生物风险降低到“技术上可行和实用的最低水平”，这是风险评估的真正重点。随着风险评估越来越多的应用和国际公认的准则的建立，风险管理的决策标准可以说是在国际贸易中建立和维护食品的定量SPS措施并判断其等效性方面面临的最大挑战。然而,根据全球科学界产生必要数据的能力和接受不同国家具有同等产出的食品安全计划的政治意愿，所有有关方面对科学上合理的食品安全措施的愿望可能会受到影响。
