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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Calyceal diverticula are rare entities that can pose a significant challenge when it comes to their management. We analyse and summarise the literature with a focus on recent advances in the management of calyceal diverticula and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each surgical technique.
RESULTS: The identification of calyceal diverticula requires a certain level of suspicion and contrast-enhanced imaging. Conventional techniques of imaging the renal collecting system such as the classic intravenous urography are now superseded by the ease of access to contrast-enhanced CT imaging. Conventional surgical techniques for managing calyceal diverticula are not being superseded by new techniques but rather being progressively enhanced and improved through the amelioration of existing technology. Debate still exists over the best treatment approach for the management of symptomatic calyceal diverticula, the choice of which still very much depends on the location and anatomy of the diverticulum itself. The most significant advance in the management of calyceal diverticula and indeed stones, in general, seems to be the progressive miniaturisation of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) equipment allowing effective treatment with a reduction in associated risks of conventional PCNL. The increasing accessibility of robotics has a role to play in the management of this condition but is not likely surpass flexible ureteroscopic (fURS) or percutaneous approaches. The future of surgical management for this condition lies in striking a balance between treatment efficacy and invasiveness. More recent identification of metabolic disturbances in patients with calyceal diverticular stones may provide further insights into the underlying pathology of this condition and is likely to play a role in future research of diverticular stones.
RESULTS: The identification of calyceal diverticula requires a certain level of suspicion and contrast-enhanced imaging. Conventional techniques of imaging the renal collecting system such as the classic intravenous urography are now superseded by the ease of access to contrast-enhanced CT imaging. Conventional surgical techniques for managing calyceal diverticula are not being superseded by new techniques but rather being progressively enhanced and improved through the amelioration of existing technology. Debate still exists over the best treatment approach for the management of symptomatic calyceal diverticula, the choice of which still very much depends on the location and anatomy of the diverticulum itself. The most significant advance in the management of calyceal diverticula and indeed stones, in general, seems to be the progressive miniaturisation of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) equipment allowing effective treatment with a reduction in associated risks of conventional PCNL. The increasing accessibility of robotics has a role to play in the management of this condition but is not likely surpass flexible ureteroscopic (fURS) or percutaneous approaches. The future of surgical management for this condition lies in striking a balance between treatment efficacy and invasiveness. More recent identification of metabolic disturbances in patients with calyceal diverticular stones may provide further insights into the underlying pathology of this condition and is likely to play a role in future research of diverticular stones.
摘要：
目的：肾盏憩室是罕见的实体，在管理方面可能构成重大挑战。我们对文献进行了分析和总结，重点介绍了肾盏憩室治疗的最新进展，并讨论了每种手术技术的优缺点。
结果：识别肾盏憩室需要一定程度的怀疑和对比增强成像。现在，对肾脏收集系统进行成像的常规技术（例如经典的静脉内尿路造影）已被易于获得对比增强的CT成像所取代。用于管理肾盏憩室的常规手术技术并未被新技术所取代，而是通过改进现有技术而逐步增强和改进。关于有症状的肾盂憩室的最佳治疗方法仍存在争议，选择哪个仍然在很大程度上取决于憩室本身的位置和解剖结构。最重要的进步是在治疗肾盂憩室和结石方面，总的来说,似乎是经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)设备的逐渐小型化,可以有效治疗并降低常规PCNL的相关风险.机器人技术的可及性增加在这种情况的治疗中发挥了作用，但不太可能超越输尿管软镜（fURS）或经皮入路。这种情况的外科治疗的未来在于在治疗效果和侵入性之间取得平衡。最近对肾盏憩室结石患者的代谢紊乱的鉴定可能为这种情况的潜在病理提供进一步的见解，并且可能在憩室结石的未来研究中发挥作用。
结果：识别肾盏憩室需要一定程度的怀疑和对比增强成像。现在，对肾脏收集系统进行成像的常规技术（例如经典的静脉内尿路造影）已被易于获得对比增强的CT成像所取代。用于管理肾盏憩室的常规手术技术并未被新技术所取代，而是通过改进现有技术而逐步增强和改进。关于有症状的肾盂憩室的最佳治疗方法仍存在争议，选择哪个仍然在很大程度上取决于憩室本身的位置和解剖结构。最重要的进步是在治疗肾盂憩室和结石方面，总的来说,似乎是经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)设备的逐渐小型化,可以有效治疗并降低常规PCNL的相关风险.机器人技术的可及性增加在这种情况的治疗中发挥了作用，但不太可能超越输尿管软镜（fURS）或经皮入路。这种情况的外科治疗的未来在于在治疗效果和侵入性之间取得平衡。最近对肾盏憩室结石患者的代谢紊乱的鉴定可能为这种情况的潜在病理提供进一步的见解，并且可能在憩室结石的未来研究中发挥作用。
