Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Maintaining proper nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for pregnant women and especially for who have been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or who develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
METHODS: To measure differences in vitamin and mineral intakes among women with normal pregnancies, pregnant women with GDM, and pregnant women with pre-gestational T1DM; and to assess the women\'s dietary intakes in comparison with Polish nutritional guidelines. The analysis was conducted among 83 pregnant women (29 GDM patients, 26 T1DM patients and 28 normal pregnancy participants) from whom we collected seven-day 24-hour dietary records during the second part of their pregnancies.
RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences observed for most of the vitamin and mineral intakes across the three groups. However, we did observe a significant difference in the vitamin C and calcium intakes between groups. The mean vitamin C and calcium intakes were significantly higher in the control group than among the diabetic patients. Insufficient dietary calcium intakes were found among 52.3% of the GDM patients and 61.6% of the T1DM participants, while only 28.6% of the normal pregnancy patients experienced a calcium deficiency. The highest incidence of inadequate intake in each of the GDM, T1DM and control groups was observed for vitamin D (100%, 100%, 100%), folate (97.7%, 100%, 100%), iron (97.7%, 100%, 100%), and iodine (97.7%, 92.4%, 85.7%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Diet alone may not be enough to provide adequate levels of vitamins and minerals for most micronutrients. Supplement use reduces the risk of inadequate intake for many micronutrients, but diet-related issues during pregnancy and pregnancy diagnosed with diabetes remain, and they deserve to be addressed during public health interventions.
METHODS: To measure differences in vitamin and mineral intakes among women with normal pregnancies, pregnant women with GDM, and pregnant women with pre-gestational T1DM; and to assess the women\'s dietary intakes in comparison with Polish nutritional guidelines. The analysis was conducted among 83 pregnant women (29 GDM patients, 26 T1DM patients and 28 normal pregnancy participants) from whom we collected seven-day 24-hour dietary records during the second part of their pregnancies.
RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences observed for most of the vitamin and mineral intakes across the three groups. However, we did observe a significant difference in the vitamin C and calcium intakes between groups. The mean vitamin C and calcium intakes were significantly higher in the control group than among the diabetic patients. Insufficient dietary calcium intakes were found among 52.3% of the GDM patients and 61.6% of the T1DM participants, while only 28.6% of the normal pregnancy patients experienced a calcium deficiency. The highest incidence of inadequate intake in each of the GDM, T1DM and control groups was observed for vitamin D (100%, 100%, 100%), folate (97.7%, 100%, 100%), iron (97.7%, 100%, 100%), and iodine (97.7%, 92.4%, 85.7%), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Diet alone may not be enough to provide adequate levels of vitamins and minerals for most micronutrients. Supplement use reduces the risk of inadequate intake for many micronutrients, but diet-related issues during pregnancy and pregnancy diagnosed with diabetes remain, and they deserve to be addressed during public health interventions.
摘要：
目的：在怀孕期间保持适当的营养对于孕妇至关重要，尤其是对于已被诊断为1型糖尿病（T1DM）或患有妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的孕妇。
方法：为了测量正常妊娠妇女维生素和矿物质摄入量的差异，GDM孕妇,和妊娠前T1DM孕妇;并评估妇女的饮食摄入量与波兰营养指南的比较。对83例孕妇(29例GDM患者，26名T1DM患者和28名正常妊娠参与者），我们在怀孕的第二部分收集了7天24小时饮食记录。
结果：三组的大部分维生素和矿物质摄入量无统计学差异。然而,我们确实观察到两组之间维生素C和钙摄入量的显着差异。对照组的平均维生素C和钙摄入量明显高于糖尿病患者。52.3%的GDM患者和61.6%的T1DM患者的膳食钙摄入不足。而只有28.6%的正常妊娠患者出现钙缺乏。每个GDM中摄入不足的发生率最高，T1DM组和对照组观察维生素D(100%,100%,100%),叶酸（97.7%，100%,100%),铁（97.7%，100%,100%),和碘(97.7%，92.4%,85.7%），分别。
结论：单靠饮食可能不足以为大多数微量营养素提供足够水平的维生素和矿物质。补充使用可降低许多微量营养素摄入不足的风险，但是怀孕期间与饮食相关的问题和被诊断患有糖尿病的怀孕仍然存在，这些问题在公共卫生干预中应该得到解决。
方法：为了测量正常妊娠妇女维生素和矿物质摄入量的差异，GDM孕妇,和妊娠前T1DM孕妇;并评估妇女的饮食摄入量与波兰营养指南的比较。对83例孕妇(29例GDM患者，26名T1DM患者和28名正常妊娠参与者），我们在怀孕的第二部分收集了7天24小时饮食记录。
结果：三组的大部分维生素和矿物质摄入量无统计学差异。然而,我们确实观察到两组之间维生素C和钙摄入量的显着差异。对照组的平均维生素C和钙摄入量明显高于糖尿病患者。52.3%的GDM患者和61.6%的T1DM患者的膳食钙摄入不足。而只有28.6%的正常妊娠患者出现钙缺乏。每个GDM中摄入不足的发生率最高，T1DM组和对照组观察维生素D(100%,100%,100%),叶酸（97.7%，100%,100%),铁（97.7%，100%,100%),和碘(97.7%，92.4%,85.7%），分别。
结论：单靠饮食可能不足以为大多数微量营养素提供足够水平的维生素和矿物质。补充使用可降低许多微量营养素摄入不足的风险，但是怀孕期间与饮食相关的问题和被诊断患有糖尿病的怀孕仍然存在，这些问题在公共卫生干预中应该得到解决。
