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Abstract：
In recent years cardiovascular diseases were the second most common cause of death worldwide. Therefore, the consumption of cardiovascular drugs is high, which might result in an increase of them in the environment. The major source of aquatic environmental contamination is still effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Unfortunately removal of cardiovascular active compounds and/or their metabolites in WWTP is still unsatisfactory. Among microbial and abiotic degradation of these compounds during wastewater processes, photolysis and photodegradation of cardiovascular drugs also play an important role. New formed compounds may be more toxic or retain the properties of parent compounds. Thus the main goal of this paper was to provide a detailed and comprehensive review of used analytical methods, coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, to determine the presence of cardiovascular compounds in surface waters as well as WTTPs effluents and influents. Exhaustive preparation for mass spectrometry detection and quantitation including samples pre-treatment, and the common problem of the matrix effect are thoroughly explored in this paper. Additionally, the article provides some hints in respect of recently noted problematic issue related to the availability of specific standards for the analysis of drug\'s metabolites. Furthermore, information concerning the metabolism of cardiovascular active compounds including differences in metabolism within enantiomers is described. This article also touches on the problems associated with environmental risk assessment due to the presence of cardiovasculars in the environment. The paper also tries to explain differences in concentrations among cardiovascular compounds between countries worldwide.
摘要：
近年来，心血管疾病是全球第二大常见死亡原因。因此,心血管药物的消费量很高，这可能会导致它们在环境中的增加。水环境污染的主要来源仍然是污水处理厂（WWTP）的废水。不幸的是,在WWTP中去除心血管活性化合物和/或其代谢物仍然不能令人满意。在废水过程中这些化合物的微生物和非生物降解中，光解和光降解对心血管药物也起着重要作用。新形成的化合物可能更具毒性或保留母体化合物的性质。因此，本文的主要目标是对使用的分析方法进行详细而全面的回顾，与液相色谱-串联质谱联用，以确定地表水以及WTTP流出物和流入物中心血管化合物的存在。用于质谱检测和定量的详尽准备，包括样品预处理，本文对基体效应的常见问题进行了深入的探讨。此外,这篇文章提供了一些关于最近注意到的问题的提示，与药物代谢物分析的特定标准的可用性有关。此外，描述了有关心血管活性化合物代谢的信息，包括对映体内代谢的差异。本文还涉及由于环境中存在心血管而与环境风险评估相关的问题。本文还试图解释世界各国之间心血管化合物浓度的差异。
