背景:世界卫生组织估计,2019年全球有超过1000万例结核病(TB),导致超过140万人死亡。每年都有令人担忧的增长趋势。该疾病是由结核分枝杆菌(MTB)通过空气传播引起的。据估计,结核病的治疗成功率为85%。然而,如果MTB表现出多重抗菌素耐药性(AMR),这一比例下降到57%,可供选择的治疗方案较少。
结果:我们使用线性和非线性模型(即LASSO逻辑回归(LR)和随机森林(RF))开发了一个强大的机器学习分类器,以预测结核分枝杆菌(MTB)对各种抗生素药物的表型耐药性。我们使用来自CRyPTIC联盟的数据来训练我们的分类器,其中包括13种不同抗生素的全基因组测序和抗生素敏感性测试(AST)表型数据。为了训练我们的模型,我们将序列数据组装成基因组重叠群,识别重叠群集中所有独特的31聚体,并建立一个特征矩阵M,其中M[i,j]等于第i个31聚体在第j个基因组中出现的次数。由于这个特征矩阵的大小(超过3.5亿个独特的31-mer),我们构建并使用稀疏矩阵表示。我们的方法,我们称之为MTB++,利用紧凑的数据结构和迭代方法,允许在LASSOLR和RF的开发中筛选所有31聚体。MTB++能够实现对一线抗生素的高辨别(F-1>80%)。此外,MTB++在除三个类别之外的所有类别中具有最高的F-1得分,并且是最全面的,因为它在除四种(罕见)抗生素药物之外的所有类别中具有>75%的F-1得分。我们使用我们的特征选择来将用于预测表型抗性的31-mers上下文化,导致一些关于序列相似性的见解与基因在MEGARes。最后,我们估计了提供准确预测所需的数据量。
背景:模型和源代码可在Github上公开获得,网址为https://github.com/M-Serajian/MTB-Pipeline。
BACKGROUND: World Health Organization estimates that there were over 10 million cases of
tuberculosis (TB) worldwide in 2019, resulting in over 1.4 million deaths, with a worrisome increasing trend yearly. The disease is caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) through airborne transmission. Treatment of TB is estimated to be 85% successful, however, this drops to 57% if MTB exhibits multiple antimicrobial resistance (AMR), for which fewer treatment options are available.
RESULTS: We develop a robust machine-learning classifier using both linear and nonlinear models (i.e. LASSO logistic regression (LR) and random forests (RF)) to predict the phenotypic resistance of Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) for a broad range of antibiotic drugs. We use data from the CRyPTIC consortium to train our classifier, which consists of whole genome sequencing and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) phenotypic data for 13 different antibiotics. To train our model, we assemble the sequence data into genomic contigs, identify all unique 31-mers in the set of contigs, and build a feature matrix M, where M[i, j] is equal to the number of times the ith 31-mer occurs in the jth genome. Due to the size of this feature matrix (over 350 million unique 31-mers), we build and use a sparse matrix representation. Our method, which we refer to as MTB++, leverages compact data structures and iterative methods to allow for the screening of all the 31-mers in the development of both LASSO LR and RF. MTB++ is able to achieve high discrimination (F-1 >80%) for the first-line antibiotics. Moreover, MTB++ had the highest F-1 score in all but three classes and was the most comprehensive since it had an F-1 score >75% in all but four (rare) antibiotic drugs. We use our feature selection to contextualize the 31-mers that are used for the prediction of phenotypic resistance, leading to some insights about sequence similarity to genes in MEGARes. Lastly, we give an estimate of the amount of data that is needed in order to provide accurate predictions.
BACKGROUND: The models and source code are publicly available on Github at https://github.com/M-Serajian/MTB-Pipeline.