Gastric and intestinal mucosal hyperplasia and polyps are identified as a cause of morbidity and mortality in moray eels. This report describes the clinical presentations, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic interventions in eight moray eels diagnosed with gastric polypoid hyperplasia. All described cases were humanely euthanized or found deceased, and multifocal adenomatous hyperplasia and polyps extending from the gastric mucosal epithelium were identified in all cases. The moray eels diagnosed with adenomatous hyperplasia and polyps often exhibited anorexia, regurgitation, and occasional changes in buoyancy, and supportive care was unsuccessful in alleviating or resolving these signs.

UNASSIGNED: Most gastrointestinal polyps are asymptomatic; therefore, assessing symptoms associated with cancer and precancerous polyps is essential.
UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to study the histopathology, number, distribution, and degree of polyps\' dysplasia in terms of age, gender, and clinical presentation.
UNASSIGNED: This study was performed on patients who underwent endoscopy from July 2015 to August 2021 in Sulaimaniyah, Iraq. Surgical pathology records of patients were analyzed for age, sex, nature of the polyps, number, site, histopathology, degree of dysplasia, resection margins and patients\' presented clinical data.
UNASSIGNED: The mean patients\' age was 51.4 ± 17.1 years, and most were males (51.9%). The most common indications for endoscopy were screening (28.62%), and the least common was weight loss (4.46%). Neoplastic polyps were common among patients with hematemesis (75%), while non-neoplastic were common among those with dyspepsia (60%). Most polyps were solitary in upper (80.8%) and lower gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Most polyps in the upper GIT were non-neoplastic (87.3%), while most lower proximal/distal GIT polyps were neoplastic. Most neoplastic polyps showed low-grade dysplasia (94.4%), and most high-grade dysplasia was a villous type (24.1%).
UNASSIGNED: Initiation of the screening program is highly recommended as a facilitating method for the early detection of multiple and high-grade gastrointestinal polyps. Thus, screening programs can reduce the rate of mortality of carcinoma in this locality.

The use of submucosal injection is crucial for satisfactory submucosal elevation in the early resection of flat polyps originating from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Injectable hydrogels derived from natural polypeptides are attractive candidates due to their excellent biocompatibility and easy gelation properties. However, most of the reported hydrogels are not the class of catheter delivery materials due to quick gelation, high inherent viscosity, and injection clogging. This study presents a novel injectable shear-thinning hydrogel platform of small molecules (nonanal) modified gelatin polymer, which offers a promising submucosal injection for effective removal of polyps from GIT. Physicochemical characterizations of hydrogel demonstrate the suitable features as an effective submucosal injection, including shear thinning property, self-assembly, methylene blue dye encapsulation, flow behavior, stability, syringeability (18 G, 21 G, and 24 G needles) and fibrous morphology. Ex vivo investigations of developed submucosal formulation on goat intestines demonstrate the enhanced visibility of cushions and the ability to produce stable, long-lasting cushions of about 8.07 mm up to ~60 min of submucosal injection. The rapid blood clotting behavior of hydrogel was observed in about 120 s without compromising hemocompatibility with the hemolysis of about 3.77 % only. In-vitro biocompatibility of the hydrogel was also verified using the HepG2 and nHDF cells. In-vivo study depicts desirable biocompatibility, a non-toxic organ profile, and optimal cushion height in mice models. Studies established the foundation of novel submucosal fluid to improve the therapeutic outcomes of early resection for gastrointestinal polyps.

OBJECTIVE: Endometrial polyp (EP) is a type of pathology that is quite common in clinical practice. Although its exact etiology is not fully known, there is evidence to support that it is sensitive to hormonal stimuli. We aimed to investigate the relationship between kisspeptin (KP) and EP by comparing the genetic (tissue-blood) and immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of KP in EP lesions in patients with normal endometrial findings.
METHODS: A prospective case-control study of 50 patients with EP (N = 25) and normal endometrial findings (N = 25) on biopsy and/or excision material was performed. Blood and biopsy samples obtained from all patients were stored at -80 °C. KP gene expression levels were determined from paraffin blocks, and peripheral venous blood samples obtained from biopsy specimens and IHC-H-score analysis were performed from paraffin blocks. EP and matched controls were compared for KP.
RESULTS: After IHC, the KP H-score of the control group was higher than the EP group, and this difference was statistically significant; H-score: control: 5 (++; 1-15); polyp: 1 (+; 0-12) (P < 0.05). Although KP expression in both tissue and blood was higher in the control group than in the EP group, this difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). No significant correlation was found between IHC H-score and KP expression levels in tissue and blood. According to the ROC analysis, the tissue and blood KP expression cut-off value and area under the curve (AUC) predicting the likelihood of developing EP were not significant (tissue KP: 1.04, AUC: 0.570, P = 0.388, sensitivity 56%, specificity 60%, Blood KP: 1.06, AUC: 0.569, P = 0.401, sensitivity 80%, specificity 40%).
CONCLUSIONS: Decreased KP expression level in EP lesions may predict the diagnosis of EP, and in the future, KP may have therapeutic potential for benign gynecological pathologies such as polyps.

UNASSIGNED: Hysteroscopy is known as the gold standard for endometrial polyps diagnosis and its findings on vascularity, size, and number of polyps can indicate malignancy, but it is a relatively expensive method with some complications. Ultrasound is a common part of the gynecological examination, and with technological advances, its ability to predict pathological outcomes has increased. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosing the characteristics of endometrial polyps.
UNASSIGNED: This diagnostic value study was performed on 300 premenopausal and postmenopausal women over 40 years of age with endometrial polyps referred to Alzahra and Beheshti hospitals in Isfahan. The characteristics of endometrial polyps were evaluated by transvaginal ultrasonography and hysteroscopy and biopsy specimens were sent for pathological evaluations.
UNASSIGNED: In this study, 103 premenopausal women and 197 postmenopausal women were evaluated. Malignancy was confirmed by pathology in 4 premenopausal women (2%) and 2 postmenopausal women (2%). In both hysteroscopy and ultrasound methods, the frequency of vascularity was significantly different in postmenopausal and premenopausal women, but the other features of the polyp were not significantly different in them. Ultrasonic sensitivity in detecting the presence of vascularity, polyps larger than 1.5 mm, more than 1 polyp, and the presence of pedicle were 39.04, 57.38%, 91.93 and 94.95%, respectively, its specificity were 98.94, 36.47, 99.57 and 98.89% respectively.
UNASSIGNED: A comparison of the characteristics of polyps in both ultrasound and hysteroscopy methods shows that hysteroscopy has been more effective in diagnosing malignancy and ultrasound has not have acceptable sensitivity in diagnosing size and vascularity.

UNASSIGNED: Hysteroscopic surgery is a common gynecologic process in many conditions. Endometrial thinning is the main successful key for this process associated with many preoperative preparations. This study aimed to evaluate DE (Desogestrel-estradiol) to reduce endometrial thickness in comparison with the control group.
UNASSIGNED: This Randomized clinical trial was done on the patients candidate for polypectomy that were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control; the first group received DE OCP (oral contraceptive pill with 30 microgram Ethinyl estradiol + 150 micro gram Desogestrel) once daily from the 1st to 5th day of the menstrual cycle for 21 days and then in the first day of next menstruation cycle, the drug was used up to one day before hysteroscopy done in the 5th to 8th day of the cycle. The second group received no drugs. Hysteroscopy was done in the early follicular phase in both groups and all the subjects received one dosage of Misoprostol a night before surgery.
UNASSIGNED: There were no significant differences between the parity, polyp size, and BMI (Body Mass Index) in the two groups. The mean duration of surgery, mean endometrial thickness before hysteroscopy, the quality of endometrial tissue, and surgeon satisfaction were significantly difference between the two groups. However, the quality of the surgeon\'s vision in the intervention group was better than the control group but there was no significant difference between the two groups.
UNASSIGNED: Pre-operation endometrial thinning by oral contraceptives such as DE could be an effective method and reduce the duration of surgery.

BACKGROUND: To compare the operative effect and clinical efficacy of the Moses laser mode and the Raykeen holmium laser energy platform powder mode under flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy in patients with impacted upper ureteral stones.
METHODS: From March 2022 to September 2022, 72 patients were divided into a Moses laser group and a Raykeen laser group according to surgical method, with 36 patients in each group. CT and ureteroscopy confirmed that all patients had isolated impacted upper ureteral stones. The stone volume (mm3), stone density (Hu) and severity of hydronephrosis were measured by CT. Postoperative complications were evaluated using the Clavien-Dindo score.
RESULTS: There were no complications of ureteral stenosis related to the laser treatment. The operative time and lithotripsy time were lower in the Moses laser group than in the Raykeen laser group (P < 0.05). The stone-free survival rate did not differ significantly between the two groups (P = 0.722). Stone volume was found to be positively correlated with laser energy and lithotripsy time in both groups (P < 0.01). There was no significant correlation between laser energy and lithotripsy time or ureteral stone density (Hu) in the Moses laser group (P > 0.05) or the Raykeen laser group (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS: The contact mode of Moses technology and the powder mode of Raykeen laser lithotripsy can be used for the ablation of a single impacted upper ureteral stone. The ablation speed was related to the stone volume and the severity of polyp hyperplasia, not the stone density. We recommend the use of the powdered mode as a therapeutic measure for the treatment of impacted upper ureteral stones in flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy.

BACKGROUND: The colorectal adenoma undergoes neoplastic progression via the normal epithelium-adenoma-adenocarcinoma sequence as reported in the Vogelgram. The hazard of developing a tumor is deeply associated with the number and size of adenomas and their subtype. Adenomatous polyps are histologically categorized as follows: approximately 80-90% are tubular, 5-15% are villous, and 5-10% are tubular/villous. Given the higher risk of a malignant transformation observed in tubular/villous adenomas, patients diagnosed with adenomatous polyposis are at an improved risk of developing CRC. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a key role in the onset of colorectal adenoma; in particular, intestinal cells first acquire loss-of-function mutations in the APC gene that induce the formation of adenomas.
METHODS: Wnt/β-catenin pathway APC, Wnt3a, Wnt5a, LEF1, and BCL9 genes and protein expression analyses were conducted by qRT-PCR and western blot in 68 colonic samples (polyps and adjacent mucosa) from 41 patients, of which 17 were affected by FAP. Ten normal colonic mucosal samples were collected from 10 healthy donors.
RESULTS: In this study, both the APC gene and protein were less expressed in the colon tumor compared to the adjacent colonic mucosa. Conversely, the activated β-catenin was more expressed in polyps than in the adjacent mucosa. All results confirmed the literature data on carcinomas. A statistically significant correlation between Wnt3a and BCL9 both in polyps and in the adjacent mucosa underlines that the canonical Wnt pathway is activated in early colon carcinogenesis and that the adjacent mucosa is already altered.
CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study analyzing the difference in expression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human colorectal adenomas. Understanding the progression from adenomas to colorectal carcinomas is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies and improving clinical outcomes with the use of APC and β-catenin as biomarkers.

Gallbladder polyp is a common disease of gallbladder, the incidence of gallbladder polyp in China is about 5%~10%, and the trend is increasing year by year. The patients with gallbladder polyps had no obvious clinical symptoms, which was more than that found by ultrasonography during physical examination. At present, the diameter of gallbladder polyps>10 mm is still used by clinicians as the main surgical indication for cholecystectomy. According to the data, about 80% to 90% of gallbladder polyps are cholesterol type polyps and benign gallbladder polyps. For these patients whose gallbladder is removed due to benign gallbladder polyps, we consider that we can continue to observe or retain the gallbladder, without having to bear the adverse consequences that may be caused by gallbladder removal. Based on the literature analysis at home and abroad, this paper discusses the surgical treatment of gallbladder polyps and the results of postoperative pathological diagnosis, and reminds the majority of clinicians to be careful when removing gallbladder polyps.
胆囊息肉是一种常见的胆囊疾病，我国胆囊息肉的发病率为5%~10%，且呈逐年升高的趋势。胆囊息肉患者无明显临床症状，多于体检时超声检查发现。目前临床医师仍以胆囊息肉直径>10 mm作为行胆囊切除术的主要手术指征。根据资料表明，术后的病理学诊断结果统计，80%~90%胆囊息肉均为胆固醇型息肉及良性胆囊息肉，这些因良性胆囊息肉被切除胆囊的患者，考虑可以继续观察或者保留胆囊，而不必承担胆囊切除可能导致的不良后果。本文通过国内外文献分析，对胆囊息肉外科治疗方式以及术后病理诊断结果等方面进行探讨，提醒广大临床医师胆囊息肉切除胆囊要慎重。.

Gastric polyps (GPs) are increasingly common. On upper endoscopy, they should be examined with white light and occasionally chromoendoscopy, and their morphology classified according to the Paris classification. Most GPs have a typical endoscopic appearance and can be associated with diseases like Helicobacter pylori infection. Histological examination is necessary for an accurate diagnosis. While most polyps are non-neoplastic and do not require treatment, some carry a risk of malignancy or are already malignant. Therefore, understanding the diagnosis, classification, and management of GPs is crucial for patient prognostication. Our new classification categorizes GPs into \"good\", \"bad\", and \"ugly\" based on their likelihood of becoming malignant. We aim to provide descriptions of the endoscopic appearance, pathology, treatment, and follow-up for different GPs, as well as clinical management flowcharts.