COVID-19大流行导致的全球医疗保健危机需要迅速的社会,生态,以及阻止或减少死亡人数上升的医疗努力。许多基于mRNA的疫苗和用于病毒载体的疫苗已被许可用于紧急情况,其在预防SARS-CoV-2感染方面表现出90%至95%的功效。然而,安全问题,不愿意接种疫苗,怀疑仍然是使大规模疫苗接种成为治疗COVID-19的成功方法的主要担忧。因此,需要替代疗法来消除发达国家和低资源国家的COVID-19的全球负担。重新使用当前的药物和候选药物可能是治疗SARS-CoV-2的更可行的选择,因为这些疗法以前已经通过了药物开发和患者护理的许多重要检查点。除了疫苗,这篇综述集中在替代治疗药物的潜在用途,包括抗病毒,抗寄生虫,和抗菌药物,蛋白酶抑制剂,神经氨酸酶抑制剂,以及目前正在进行临床前和临床研究的单克隆抗体,以评估其治疗COVID-19的有效性和安全性。在重新利用的药物中,remdesivir被认为是最有前途的代理,而favipiravir,Molnupiravir,Paxlovid,洛匹那韦/利托那韦在消除病毒方面表现出改善的治疗效果。然而,奥司他韦治疗的结果,umifenovir,双硫仑,替考拉宁,和伊维菌素均不显著。值得注意的是,联合使用多种药物作为治疗显示出在管理COVID-19患者方面令人印象深刻的有效性。Tocilizumab目前用于治疗表现为COVID-19相关肺炎的患者。许多抗病毒药物,如加利地韦,griffitsin,和thapsigargin正在进行临床试验,这可能是有希望治疗有严重症状的COVID-19个体。对COVID-19患者的支持治疗可能涉及使用皮质类固醇,恢复期血浆,干细胞,汇集的抗体,维生素,和天然物质。这项研究提供了SARS-CoV-2药物的最新进展,并为发明针对COVID-19的新型干预措施提供了重要指导。
The COVID-19 pandemic-led worldwide healthcare crisis necessitates prompt societal, ecological, and medical efforts to stop or reduce the rising number of fatalities. Numerous mRNA based vaccines and vaccines for viral vectors have been licensed for use in emergencies which showed 90% to 95% efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, safety issues, vaccine reluctance, and skepticism remain major concerns for making mass vaccination a successful approach to treat COVID-19. Hence, alternative therapeutics is needed for eradicating the global burden of COVID-19 from developed and low-resource countries. Repurposing current medications and drug candidates could be a more viable option for treating SARS-CoV-2 as these therapies have previously passed a number of significant checkpoints for drug development and patient care. Besides vaccines, this review focused on the potential usage of alternative therapeutic agents including antiviral, antiparasitic, and antibacterial drugs, protease inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies that are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical investigations to assess their effectiveness and safety in the treatment of COVID-19. Among the repurposed drugs, remdesivir is considered as the most promising agent, while favipiravir, molnupiravir, paxlovid, and lopinavir/ritonavir exhibited improved therapeutic effects in terms of elimination of viruses. However, the outcomes of treatment with oseltamivir, umifenovir, disulfiram, teicoplanin, and ivermectin were not significant. It is noteworthy that combining multiple drugs as therapy showcases impressive effectiveness in managing individuals with COVID-19. Tocilizumab is presently employed for the treatment of patients who exhibit COVID-19-related pneumonia. Numerous antiviral drugs such as galidesivir, griffithsin, and thapsigargin are under clinical trials which could be promising for treating COVID-19 individuals with severe symptoms. Supportive treatment for patients of COVID-19 may involve the use of corticosteroids, convalescent plasma, stem cells, pooled antibodies, vitamins, and natural substances. This study provides an updated progress in SARS-CoV-2 medications and a crucial guide for inventing novel interventions against COVID-19.