为了确保福利友好和有效的内部标签,标记过程不应造成长期负担的个人,因为标记的鱼作为代表整个人口在遥测应用。在某种程度上,压力在常规水产养殖实践中是不可避免的,因此,长期压力的后果应该根据它们对内部标记的影响来描述。在鱼中,应激源激活下丘脑-垂体-肾间(HPI)和脑-交感神经-嗜铬细胞(BSC)轴,导致神经免疫内分泌通信和应激激素之间的旁分泌相互作用。伤口愈合和应力之间的相互关系是复杂的,由于它们共享的组件,通路,和能源需求。这项研究评估了14个基因(mmp9,mmp13,il-2,il-4,il-8a,il-10,il-12,il-17d,il-1b,tnfa,ifng,腿-3,igm,和crh)在皮肤(距伤口1.5厘米)和头肾中超过八周。这些基因,与免疫中的细胞信号相关,伤口愈合,和压力,先前已被确定为受这些过程的影响和调节。一组通过手术植入虚拟智能标签的大西洋鲑鱼(n=90)中的一半每天都受到拥挤的压力。目的是研究该基因组如何单独对伤口做出反应,然后对受伤和日常拥挤压力的综合影响做出反应。我们的观察表明,慢性压力会影响炎症并阻碍伤口愈合,通过基质金属蛋白酶基因在皮肤中而不是在头肾中的表达可以看出。这种差异可能是由于正在进行的内部伤口修复,与外部愈合的伤口切口相反。细胞因子表达,当在皮肤上有意义时,与对照值相比,两种治疗方法主要下调,特别是在研究的前半部分。相反,头肾显示最初的细胞因子下调,然后上调。在观察到的所有星期中,将两种组织结合起来,伤口和应激+组之间显著表达的基因差异为12%,伤口和对照之间的28%,压力+和控制之间的25%。尽管细胞因子有显著的波动,几个星期的持续变化仅在少数选择基因中明显。此外,压力+个体在头肾内表现出最多的细胞因子相关性,这可能表明慢性应激会影响细胞因子的表达。这项研究揭示了在为期八周的研究中,压力的存在和HPI轴的长期激活对免疫内所选基因表达的影响有限但可检测到。伤口愈合,和压力,具有显著的组织特异性差异。
To ensure welfare-friendly and effective internal tagging, the tagging process should not cause a long-term burden on individuals given that tagged fish serve as representatives for the entire population in telemetry applications. To some extent, stress is inevitable within regular aquaculture practices, and thus, the consequences of long-term stress should be described in terms of their effects on internal tagging. In fish, stressors activate the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Interrenal (HPI) and Brain-Sympathetic-Chromaffin Cell (BSC) axes, leading to neuroimmunoendocrine communication and paracrine interactions among stress hormones. The interrelation between wound healing and stress is complex, owing to their shared components, pathways, and energy demands. This study assessed 14 genes (mmp9, mmp13, il-2, il-4, il-8a, il-10, il-12, il-17d, il-1b, tnfa, ifng, leg-3, igm, and crh) in the skin (1.5 cm from the wound) and head kidney over eight weeks. These genes, associated with cell signaling in immunity, wound healing, and stress, have previously been identified as influenced and regulated by these processes. Half of a group of Atlantic salmon (n = 90) with surgically implanted dummy smart-tags were exposed to daily crowding stress. The goal was to investigate how this gene panel responds to a wound alone and then to the combined effects of wounding and daily crowding stress. Our observations indicate that chronic stress impacts inflammation and impedes wound healing, as seen through the expression of matrix metalloproteinases genes in the skin but not in the head kidney. This difference is likely due to the ongoing internal wound repair, in contrast to the externally healed wound incision. Cytokine expression, when significant in the skin, was mainly downregulated in both treatments compared to control values, particularly in the study\'s first half. Conversely, the head kidney showed initial cytokine downregulation followed by upregulation. Across all weeks observed and combining both tissues, the significantly expressed gene differences were 12 % between the Wound and Stress+ groups, 28 % between Wound and Control, and 25 % between Stress+ and Control. Despite significant fluctuations in cytokines, sustained variations across multiple weeks are only evident in a few select genes. Furthermore, Stress+ individuals demonstrated the most cytokine correlations within the head kidney, which may suggest that chronic stress affects cytokine expression. This investigation unveils that the presence of stress and prolonged activation of the HPI axis in an eight weeklong study has limited yet detectable effects on the selected gene expression within immunity, wound healing, and stress, with notable tissue-specific differences.