在过去的几十年里,药物已经成为一类新的环境污染物。抗高血压药,包括血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂,由于过去几年消费增加,因此特别令人关注。然而,关于它们对水生动物健康的推定影响的现有数据,以及与生物系统可能的相互作用仍然知之甚少。这项研究分析了是否以及在多大程度上暴露于依那普利,一种常用于治疗高血压和心力衰竭的ACE抑制剂,可能会诱导贻贝Mytilusgalloprovincialis的形态功能改变,水污染的前哨生物。通过主要关注消化腺(DG),用于分析贻贝中异种生物的影响的目标组织,在细胞活力和体积调节方面,研究了10天暴露于依那普利0.6ng/L(E1)和600ng/L(E2)的影响,形态学,氧化应激,和应激蛋白的表达和定位。结果表明,暴露于依那普利通过限制低渗应激后返回原始体积的能力,从而损害了E2组DG细胞调节体积的能力。这对DG细胞活力没有显著影响。依那普利也不影响血细胞活力,尽管在组织学上观察到两组的DG中血细胞浸润增加,提示免疫反应。在两个实验组中,热休克蛋白70(HSPs70)和HSP90的表达和组织定位以及氧化生物标志物的水平均未观察到变化。我们的研究结果表明,在galloprovincialis中,暴露于依那普利并不影响氧化状态,以及应激相关蛋白的表达和定位,虽然它激活了免疫反应并损害了细胞面对渗透变化的能力,对动物性能有潜在影响。
In the last decades, pharmaceuticals have emerged as a new class of environmental contaminants. Antihypertensives, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, are of special concern due to their increased consumption over the past years. However, the available data on their putative effects on the health of aquatic animals, as well as the possible interaction with biological systems are still poorly understood. This study analysed whether and to which extent the exposure to
Enalapril, an ACE inhibitor commonly used for treating hypertension and heart failure, may induce morpho-functional alterations in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, a sentinel organism of water pollution. By mainly focusing on the digestive gland (DG), a target tissue used for analysing the effects of xenobiotics in mussels, the effects of 10-days exposure to 0.6 ng/L (E1) and 600 ng/L (E2) of
Enalapril were investigated in terms of cell viability and volume regulation, morphology, oxidative stress, and stress protein expression and localization. Results indicated that exposure to
Enalapril compromised the capacity of DG cells from the E2 group to regulate volume by limiting the ability to return to the original volume after hypoosmotic stress. This occurred without significant effects on DG cell viability.
Enalapril unaffected also haemocytes viability, although an increased infiltration of haemocytes was histologically observed in DG from both groups, suggestive of an immune response. No changes were observed in the two experimental groups on expression and tissue localization of heat shock proteins 70 (HSPs70) and HSP90, and on the levels of oxidative biomarkers. Our results showed that, in M. galloprovincialis the exposure to
Enalapril did not influence the oxidative status, as well as the expression and localization of stress-related proteins, while it activated an immune response and compromised the cell ability to face osmotic changes, with potential consequences on animal performance.