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Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are associated with significantly increased risk of developing future cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obstetricians play a crucial role in CVD prevention for postpartum women and birthing people with HDP because they are primarily responsible for immediate postpartum management and can assist with care transitions to other health care practitioners for long-term management of CVD risk factors. Standardized calculators can be used to evaluate long-term CVD risk, which can help guide intensity of treatment. Emerging technologies such as remote blood pressure monitoring demonstrate promise for improving outcomes among patients with HDP. After HDP, all patients should be advised of their increased CVD risk. A plan should be made to initiate lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive therapy to achieve optimal blood pressure control with a target of lower than 130/80 mm Hg, assess lipids within 2-3 years of delivery, and evaluate for development of type 2 diabetes. Other CVD risk factors such as nicotine use should similarly be identified and addressed. In this review, we summarize the essential components of managing CVD risk after a pregnancy complicated by HDP, including blood pressure monitoring, risk stratification tools, and evidence-based lifestyle recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: Hypertension (HT), dyslipidemia (DL), and diabetes mellitus (DM) are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Despite the wide availability of medications to reduce this risk, poor adherence to medications remains an issue. The aim of this study is to evaluate medication adherence of prevalent users in these disease medications (HT, DL, DM) using claims data. Factors associated with non-adherence were also examined.
METHODS: Of 7538 participants of the Tsuruoka Metabolomics Cohort Study, 3693 (HT: 2702, DL: 2112, DM: 661) were identified as prevalent users of these disease medications. Information on lifestyle was collected through a questionnaire. Adherence was assessed by a proportion of days covered (PDC) and participants with PDC ≥0.8 were defined as adherent. Predictors of non-adherence were determined by performing multivariable logistic regression.
RESULTS: Medication adherence differed by treatment status. Among those without comorbidities, those with HT-only showed the highest adherence (90.2%), followed by those with DM-only (81.2%) and those with DL-only (80.8%). Factors associated with non-adherence in each medication group were skipping breakfast and poor understanding of medications among those with HT medications, females, having comorbidities, having a history of heart disease, and drinking habit among those with DL medications, and good sleep quality and skipping breakfast among those with DM medications.
CONCLUSIONS: While participants showed high medication adherence, differences were observed across medication groups. The identified predictors of non-adherence could help target those in need of adherence support.

Objective: To investigate the long-term therapeutic effects and safety of renal denervation (RDN) on hypertensive patients with different cardiovascular risks, as well as its impact on adverse events, cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality. Methods: This was a single-center, single-arm, real-world retrospective study. Patients with refractory hypertension who underwent RDN at Tianjin First Central Hospital from July 6, 2011 to December 23, 2015 were enrolled and divided into either a high or intermediate-low risk group based on baseline cardiovascular risk. The treatment responsiveness of hypertensive patients with different cardiovascular stratification to RDN was assessed by comparing the results of office blood pressure, home blood pressure, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring at 1, 5, and 11 years after RDN. Long-term safety of RDN was assessed by creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 and 11 years after RDN. In addition, the total defined daily dose (DDD) of antihypertensive medications and the incidence of long-term adverse events, cardiovascular deaths, and all-cause deaths after RDN were followed up 11 years after RDN in person or by telephone. Results: A total of 62 patients with refractory hypertension, aged (50.2±15.0) years, of whom 35 (56.5%) were male, were included. There were 35 cases in high-risk group and 27 cases in low and medium risk group. The decrease in clinic systolic blood pressure (high risk vs. low-medium risk: (-38.0±15.1) mmHg vs. (-25.0±16.6) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa),P=0.002), home self-measured systolic blood pressure ((-28.4±12.7) mmHg vs. (-19.7±13.1) mmHg,P=0.011) and clinic systolic blood pressure 11 years after RDN ((-43.0±18.4) mmHg vs. (-27.8±17.9) mmHg,P=0.003) in the high-risk group was significantly higher than that in the low-medium risk group. The differences in heart rate and the decrease in total DDD number of antihypertensive drugs between the two groups were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Creatinine and eGFR levels in the two groups at 1 and 11 years after RDN were not statistically significant when compared with the baseline values (all P>0.05). The cumulative cardiovascular mortality rate was 1.6% (1/62) and 8.1% (5/62), and the cumulative all-cause mortality rate was 3.2% (2/62) and 11.3% (7/62) at 5 and 11 years after RDN, respectively. The differences in the incidence rate of adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality rate between the two groups were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusions: RDN has long-term antihypertensive effect and good safety. Hypertensive patients who belong to the high-risk stratification of cardiovascular risk may respond better to RDN treatment.
目的： 探讨经导管去肾交感神经术（RDN）对不同心血管风险高血压患者的长期治疗效果、安全性，以及对不良事件、心血管死亡和全因死亡等终点事件的影响。 方法： 本研究为单中心、单臂的真实世界回顾性研究。纳入2011年7月6日到2015年12月23日在天津市第一中心医院行RDN治疗的难治性高血压患者，并根据基线心血管风险将患者分为高危组和中低危组。通过比较两组RDN后1、5、11年的诊室血压、家庭自测血压和24 h动态血压监测结果，评估不同心血管危险程度的高血压患者对RDN的治疗响应性；通过随访RDN术后1、11年的肌酐、估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）评估RDN的长期安全性。通过诊室和电话随访RDN术后11年降压药物总每日限定剂量（DDD）及RDN术后长期不良事件、心血管死亡和全因死亡的发生情况。 结果： 共纳入62例难治性高血压患者，年龄（50.2±15.0）岁，其中男性35例（56.5%）。高危组35例，中低危组27例。高危组患者RDN术后5年的诊室收缩压［（-38.0±15.1）mmHg比（-25.0±16.6）mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa），P=0.002］、家庭自测收缩压［（-28.4±12.7）mmHg比（-19.7±13.1）mmHg，P=0.011］以及RDN术后11年诊室收缩压［（-43.0±18.4）mmHg比（-27.8±17.9）mmHg，P=0.003］较基线的下降幅度均明显高于低中危组。心率以及降压药总DDD数下降值两组比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。RDN术后1、11年两组的肌酐、eGFR水平与基线值比较，差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。全部患者中RDN术后5、11年的累积心血管死亡率分别为1.6%（1/62）和8.1%（5/62），累积全因死亡率分别为3.2%（2/62）和11.3%（7/62），两组的不良事件发生率、心血管死亡率以及全因死亡率差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。 结论： RDN具有长期降压作用且安全性良好。心血管风险高危的高血压患者可能对RDN治疗的响应性更好。.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and associated risk of cardiovascular event of resistant hypertension in treated outpatients. Methods: This study was a nationwide multi-center prospective cohort study. The participants were treated outpatients enrolled in the China Nationwide Ambulatory and Home Blood Pressure Registry study of 42 hospitals in 19 provinces across the country from August 2009 to October 2017. Apparent resistant hypertension was defined as uncontrolled office blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) in spite of the use of three antihypertensive drugs or controlled office blood pressure (<140/90 mmHg) with four antihypertensive drugs or more. Subjects diagnosed with uncontrolled office blood pressure were further subdivided as pseudo-resistant hypertension and true resistant hypertension based on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The primary endpoint was fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, which was a composite endpoint consisting of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular death, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary artery revascularization, unstable angina, heart failure, and coronary artery stenosis≥50% confirmed by coronary angiography. Secondary outcomes included fatal and non-fatal stroke or cardiac events. Patients with controlled office blood pressure after taking only 1 or 2 antihypertensive drugs were included as control. Kaplan-Meier survival curves, log-rank test, and Cox proportional risk model were used to evaluate the risk of apparent refractory hypertension in relation to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular prognosis. Results: A total of 2 782 treated hypertensive patients, aged (58.1±12.3) years were enrolled, including 1 403 (50.4%) men. The prevalence of apparent and true resistant hypertension was 15.1% (420/2 782) and 10.5% (293/2 782), respectively. Among patients with apparent resistant hypertension, during a median of 5 years follow-up, the cumulative incidence rate was 28.2, 11.2 and 19.1 per 1 000 person-years for fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (n=58), stroke (n=24) and cardiac events (n=40), respectively. The Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test showed that those patients with true resistant hypertension, had the highest cumulative incidence rate of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events, stroke, and cardiac events. Multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that true resistant hypertension was associated with a significantly higher risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events (HR=1.73, 95%CI 1.17-2.56, P=0.006) and stroke (HR=2.81, 95%CI 1.53-5.17, P=0.001). Conclusion: Resistant hypertension, especially true resistant hypertension, is associated with a higher risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiac and cerebrovascular events.
目的： 探讨不同类型难治性高血压患者的患病情况及心脑血管预后。 方法： 本研究为多中心前瞻性队列研究。研究对象来自中国动态和家庭血压监测登记研究，入选2009年8月至2017年10月在全国19个省份共42家医院高血压门诊就诊且接受降压药物治疗的高血压患者。根据诊室血压控制情况诊断表观难治性高血压，表观难治性高血压定义为使用≥3种降压药物治疗诊室血压仍未控制（≥140/90 mmHg，1 mmHg=0.133 kPa），或使用≥4种降压药物治疗诊室血压控制（<140/90 mmHg）。其中诊室血压未控制者进一步根据24 h动态血压监测结果分为假性难治性高血压和真性难治性高血压。主要终点为致死性和非致死性心脑血管事件，即由心脑血管死亡、缺血性和出血性卒中、心肌梗死、冠状动脉血运重建、不稳定心绞痛、心力衰竭以及通过冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉狭窄≥50%组成的复合终点。次要终点为致死性和非致死性卒中，致死性和非致死性心脏事件。以仅服用1或2种类型降压药物后诊室血压控制的患者作为参照，采用Kaplan-Meier曲线、对数秩检验和Cox比例风险模型评价表观难治性高血压对心脑血管预后的影响。 结果： 共纳入2 782例高血压患者，年龄（58.1±12.3）岁，其中男性1 403例（50.4%）。在所有接受降压药物治疗的患者中，表观难治性高血压的患病率为15.1%（420/2 782），真性难治性高血压占比10.5%（293/2 782）。中位随访时间为5年，表观难治性高血压患者中，58例发生致死性和非致死性心脑血管事件（28.2例/1 000人年），24例发生致死性和非致死性卒中（11.2例/1 000人年），40例发生致死性和非致死性心脏事件（19.1例/1 000人年）。Kaplan-Meier曲线及对数秩检验结果显示，表观难治性高血压患者尤其是真性难治性高血压患者的致死性和非致死性心脑血管事件、卒中以及心脏事件的累积发生率较高（P均<0.05）。多因素Cox回归分析显示，真性难治性高血压与致死性和非致死性心脑血管事件（HR=1.73，95%CI 1.17~2.56，P=0.006）以及卒中（HR=2.81，95%CI 1.53~5.17，P=0.001）的发生风险增加相关。 结论： 表观难治性高血压尤其是真性难治性高血压与较高的致死性和非致死性心脑血管事件风险相关。.

OBJECTIVE: Previous randomized controlled trials and longitudinal studies have indicated that ongoing antihypertensive use in late life reduces all-cause dementia risk, but the specific impact on Alzheimer dementia (AD) and non-AD risk remains unclear. This study investigates whether previous hypertension or antihypertensive use modifies AD or non-AD risk in late life and the ideal blood pressure (BP) for risk reduction in a diverse consortium of cohort studies.
METHODS: This individual participant data meta-analysis included community-based longitudinal studies of aging from a preexisting consortium. The main outcomes were risk of developing AD and non-AD. The main exposures were hypertension history/antihypertensive use and baseline systolic BP/diastolic BP. Mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess risk and natural splines were applied to model the relationship between BP and the dementia outcomes. The main model controlled for age, age2, sex, education, ethnoracial group, and study cohort. Supplementary analyses included a fully adjusted model, an analysis restricting to those with >5 years of follow-up and models that examined the moderating effect of age, sex, and ethnoracial group.
RESULTS: There were 31,250 participants from 14 nations in the analysis (41% male) with a mean baseline age of 72 (SD 7.5, range 60-110) years. Participants with untreated hypertension had a 36% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.36, 95% CI 1.01-1.83, p = 0.0406) and 42% (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.08-1.87, p = 0.0135) increased risk of AD compared with \"healthy controls\" and those with treated hypertension, respectively. Compared with \"healthy controls\" both those with treated (HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.03-1.60, p = 0.0267) and untreated hypertension (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.19-2.40, p = 0.0032) had greater non-AD risk, but there was no difference between the treated and untreated groups. Baseline diastolic BP had a significant U-shaped relationship (p = 0.0227) with non-AD risk in an analysis restricted to those with 5-year follow-up, but otherwise there was no significant relationship between baseline BP and either AD or non-AD risk.
CONCLUSIONS: Antihypertensive use was associated with decreased AD but not non-AD risk throughout late life. This suggests that treating hypertension throughout late life continues to be crucial in AD risk mitigation. A single measure of BP was not associated with AD risk, but DBP may have a U-shaped relationship with non-AD risk over longer periods in late life.

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This article aims to evaluate the adherence to antihypertensive treatment prevalence in the Brazilian population based on peer-reviewed studies which used instruments exclusively designed and/or adapted for this purpose. A systematic review with meta-analysis based on the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The search was carried out in the BDENF, SciELO, Cuiden, PsycINFOe, CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, and MEDLINE databases, as well as the AgeLine, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect academic search engines. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021292689). Random effects models were used for a meta-analysis of the prevalence obtained from individual studies. A total of 104 studies were included in the meta-analysis on antihypertensive treatment in the Brazilian population, totaling 38,299 patients. The most used instrument was the four-item Morisky-Green Test (49.5%). The adherence prevalence estimated by the meta-analysis was 44.4% (95%CI: 39.12%-49.94%, I2 = 91.17, p < 0.001), showing high heterogeneity. The adherence to antihypertensive treatment prevalence found in national studies was unsatisfactory, demonstrating that this problem continues to be a major challenge.
O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a prevalência de adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo na população brasileira, com base nos estudos revisados por pares, que utilizaram instrumentos elaborados e/ou adaptados exclusivamente para este fim. Revisão sistemática com meta-análise, baseada nas recomendações do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A busca foi realizada nas bases BDENF, SciELO, Cuiden, PsycINFOe, CINAHL, Embase, LILACS, MEDLINE, e nos buscadores acadêmicos AgeLine, Google Scholar e ScienceDirect. O protocolo foi registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42021292689). Modelos de efeitos aleatórios foram usados para meta-análise das prevalências obtidas dos estudos individuais. Incluíram-se 104 estudos na meta-análise sobre tratamento anti-hipertensivo na população brasileira, totalizando 38.299 pacientes. O instrumento mais utilizado foi o teste de Morisky-Green de quatro itens (49,5%). A prevalência de adesão estimada pela foi de 44,4% (IC95%: 39,12%-49,94%, I2 = 91,17, p < 0,001), apresentando alta heterogeneidade. A prevalência de adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo encontrada nos estudos nacionais foi insatisfatória, demonstrando que essa problemática continua sendo um grande desafio.

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