{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Compensation of gene dosage on the mammalian X.
{Author}: Cecalev D;Viçoso B;Galupa R;
{Journal}: Development
{Volume}: 151
{Issue}: 15
{Year}: 2024 Aug 1
{Factor}: 6.862
{DOI}: 10.1242/dev.202891
{Abstract}: Changes in gene dosage can have tremendous evolutionary potential (e.g. whole-genome duplications), but without compensatory mechanisms, they can also lead to gene dysregulation and pathologies. Sex chromosomes are a paradigmatic example of naturally occurring gene dosage differences and their compensation. In species with chromosome-based sex determination, individuals within the same population necessarily show 'natural' differences in gene dosage for the sex chromosomes. In this Review, we focus on the mammalian X chromosome and discuss recent new insights into the dosage-compensation mechanisms that evolved along with the emergence of sex chromosomes, namely X-inactivation and X-upregulation. We also discuss the evolution of the genetic loci and molecular players involved, as well as the regulatory diversity and potentially different requirements for dosage compensation across mammalian species.