{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract Attenuates Cafeteria-Diet-Induced Liver Metabolic Disturbances in Rats: Influence of Photoperiod.
{Author}: Rodríguez RM;Colom-Pellicer M;Hernández-Baixauli J;Calvo E;Suárez M;Arola-Arnal A;Torres-Fuentes C;Aragonès G;Mulero M;
{Journal}: Int J Mol Sci
{Volume}: 25
{Issue}: 14
{Year}: 2024 Jul 14
{Factor}: 6.208
{DOI}: 10.3390/ijms25147713
{Abstract}: This study investigated the influence of photoperiod (day length) on the efficacy of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) in mitigating metabolic disorders in obese rats fed a cafeteria diet. Rats were exposed to standard (L12), long (L18), or short (L6) photoperiods and treated with GSPE or vehicle. In the standard photoperiod, GSPE reduced body weight gain (50.5%), total cholesterol (37%), and triglycerides (34.8%), while increasing the expression of hepatic metabolic genes. In the long photoperiod, GSPE tended to decrease body weight gain, increased testosterone levels (68.3%), decreased liver weight (12.4%), and decreased reverse serum amino acids. In the short photoperiod, GSPE reduced glycemia (~10%) and lowered triglyceride levels (38.5%), with effects modified by diet. The standard photoperiod showed the greatest efficacy against metabolic syndrome-associated diseases. The study showed how day length affects GSPE's benefits and underscores considering biological rhythms in metabolic disease therapies.