{Reference Type}: Editorial {Title}: Understanding three standard study designs for randomized controlled trials. {Author}: Niimi N;Yang A;Sumie M;Hayes J;Maynes JT;Aoyama K; {Journal}: J Anesth {Volume}: 38 {Issue}: 4 {Year}: 2024 Aug 24 {Factor}: 2.931 {DOI}: 10.1007/s00540-024-03355-z