{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Statistical Genetic Approaches to Investigate Genotype-by-Environment Interaction: Review and Novel Extension of Models.
{Author}: Diego VP;Manusov EG;Almeida M;Laston S;Ortiz D;Blangero J;Williams-Blangero S;
{Journal}: Genes (Basel)
{Volume}: 15
{Issue}: 5
{Year}: 2024 04 25
{Factor}: 4.141
{DOI}: 10.3390/genes15050547
{Abstract}: Statistical genetic models of genotype-by-environment (G×E) interaction can be divided into two general classes, one on G×E interaction in response to dichotomous environments (e.g., sex, disease-affection status, or presence/absence of an exposure) and the other in response to continuous environments (e.g., physical activity, nutritional measurements, or continuous socioeconomic measures). Here we develop a novel model to jointly account for dichotomous and continuous environments. We develop the model in terms of a joint genotype-by-sex (for the dichotomous environment) and genotype-by-social determinants of health (SDoH; for the continuous environment). Using this model, we show how a depression variable, as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory-II survey instrument, is not only underlain by genetic effects (as has been reported elsewhere) but is also significantly determined by joint G×Sex and G×SDoH interaction effects. This model has numerous applications leading to potentially transformative research on the genetic and environmental determinants underlying complex diseases.