{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Surgical Repair of Psittacine Femorotibial Luxation: A Case Series.
{Author}: Simonis KM;Cowan ML;Williams L;Baron HR;
{Journal}: J Avian Med Surg
{Volume}: 38
{Issue}: 1
{Year}: 2024 04
{Factor}: 0.641
{DOI}: 10.1647/AVIANMS-D-23-00016
{Abstract}: Luxation of the psittacine femorotibial joint most commonly occurs following trauma or as a development abnormality. Historically, this injury is considered to have a poor prognosis in birds; however, surgical management may result in acceptable and functional outcomes. This case series describes the surgical techniques, complications, and outcomes of 7 cases of femorotibial luxation in psittacine birds. Of the 7 cases, 6 were chronic injuries. Surgical repair methods included conjoined intramedullary pinning, transarticular pinning with an external skeletal fixator (ESF), a combination of extracapsular stabilization and ESF, ESF alone, and a combination of conjoined intramedullary pins with an ESF. An acceptable outcome was achieved in 75% (6/8) of luxated femorotibial joints managed with surgical methods. All cases were female birds of various species, suggesting a possible sex predisposition for stifle luxation.