{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Assessing the Causal Relationship between Waterpipe Smoking and Bladder Cancer.
{Author}: Rosser CJ;
{Journal}: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
{Volume}: 33
{Issue}: 4
{Year}: 2024 Apr 3
{Factor}: 4.09
{DOI}: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-24-0051
{Abstract}: Rates of waterpipe use increase with very little data reporting any potential health consequences. The current study, a large case-control study, of 4,194 patients from Iran denotes an elevated risk of bladder cancer in exclusive waterpipe smokers compared with non-users. Additional studies are needed to further understand the risk waterpipe smoking has on bladder cancer. See related article by Hadji et al., p. 509.