{Reference Type}: Journal Article
{Title}: Soluble urate-induced effects on cytokine production in vitro - Assessment of methodologies and cell types.
{Author}: Liu R;Klück V;Kischkel B;Tercan H;Netea MG;Crişan TO;Joosten LAB;
{Journal}: Cytokine
{Volume}: 175
{Issue}: 0
{Year}: 2024 03 17
{Factor}: 3.926
{DOI}: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156502
{Abstract}: Hyperuricemia has been shown to be an inducer of pro-inflammatory mediators by human primary monocytes. To study the deleterious effects of hyperuricemia, a reliable and stable in vitro model using soluble urate is needed. One recent report showed different urate-dissolving methods resulted in either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two methods of dissolving urate on both primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and THP-1 cells. The two methods tested were 'pre-warming' and 'dissolving with NaOH'.<BR>Primary human PBMCs and THP-1 cells were exposed to urate solutions, prepared using the two methodologies: pre-warming and dissolving with NaOH. Afterwards, cells were stimulated with various stimuli, followed by the measurement of the inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-6, IL-1Ra, TNF, IL-8, and MCP-1.<BR>In PBMCs, we observed an overall pro-inflammatory effect of urate, both in the pre-warming and the NaOH dissolving method. A similar pro-inflammatory effect was seen in THP-1 cells for both dissolving methods after restimulation. However, THP-1 cells exhibited pro-inflammatory profile with exposure to urate alone without restimulation. We did not find MSU crystals in our cellular assays.<BR>Overall, the urate dissolving methods do not have critical impact on its inflammatory properties. Soluble urate prepared using either of the two methods showed mostly pro-inflammatory effects on human primary PBMCs and monocytic cell line THP-1. However, human primary PBMCs and the THP-1 differ in their response to soluble urate without restimulation.