{Reference Type}: Randomized Controlled Trial
{Title}: Post hoc analysis of the SONAR trial indicates that the endothelin receptor antagonist atrasentan is associated with less pain in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.
{Author}: Chan KW;Smeijer JD;Schechter M;Jongs N;Vart P;Kohan DE;Gansevoort RT;Liew A;Tang SCW;Wanner C;de Zeeuw D;Heerspink HJL;
{Journal}: Kidney Int
{Volume}: 104
{Issue}: 6
{Year}: 2023 12 31
{Factor}: 18.998
{DOI}: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.08.014
{Abstract}: Pain is prevalent among patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (CKD). The management of chronic pain in these patients is limited by nephrotoxicity of commonly used drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and opioids. Since previous studies implicated endothelin-1 in pain nociception, our post hoc analysis of the SONAR trial assessed the association between the endothelin receptor antagonist atrasentan and pain and prescription of analgesics. SONAR was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that recruited participants with type 2 diabetes and CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate 25-75 ml/min/1.73 m2; urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio 300-5000 mg/g). Participants were randomized to receive atrasentan or placebo (1834 each arm). The main outcome was pain-related adverse events (AEs) reported by investigators. We applied Cox regression to assess the effect of atrasentan compared to placebo on the risk of the first reported pain-related AE and, secondly, first prescription of analgesics. We used the Anderson-Gill method to assess effects on all (first and subsequent) pain-related AEs. During 2.2-year median follow-up, 1183 pain-related AEs occurred. Rates for the first pain-related event were 138.2 and 170.2 per 1000 person-years in the atrasentan and placebo group respectively (hazard ratio 0.82 [95% confidence interval 0.72-0.93]). Atrasentan also reduced the rate of all (first and subsequent) pain-related AEs (rate ratio 0.80 [0.70-0.91]). These findings were similar after accounting for competing risk of death (sub-hazard ratio 0.81 [0.71-0.92]). Patients treated with atrasentan initiated fewer analgesics including NSAIDs and opioids compared to placebo during follow-up (hazard ratio = 0.72 [0.60-0.88]). Thus, atrasentan was associated with reduced pain-related events and pain-related use of analgesics in carefully selected patients with type 2 diabetes and CKD.